Embodied Grounding: Social, Cognitive, Affective, and Neuroscientific Approaches

Cover......Page 1
Abstract......Page 3
Title Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Introducing Embodied Grounding......Page 11
Part One: Embodied Language and Concepts......Page 17
1 Grounding Symbolic Operations in the Brain's Modal Systems......Page 19
Grounding Cognition in the Brain's Modal Systems......Page 21
The Capture and Simulation of Modal States in Embodied Architectures......Page 23
Additional Assumptions......Page 24
The Status of Empirical Evidence for Grounded Knowledge......Page 25
An Example......Page 26
Representing Concepts and Instances: Simulators and Simulations......Page 27
Implementing Conceptual Combination in PSS......Page 29
Representing Abstract Concepts in PSS......Page 30
Empirical Evidence for the PSS Account of Symbolic Operations......Page 31
Evidence from Brain Activation......Page 32
Evidence from Property Switching......Page 35
Evidence from Matching Property Simulations to Object Regions......Page 37
Conceptual Combination......Page 39
Abstract Concepts......Page 42
Evidence from Property Generation......Page 43
Evidence from Brain Activation......Page 44
Limitations of the Current Evidence......Page 45
Symbolic Operations Arise from Interactions between Language and Simulation......Page 46
References......Page 48
What Brains Are For......Page 53
Action, Evolution of Cognition, and Meaning......Page 54
The Indexical Hypothesis......Page 55
Neural Exploitation......Page 56
The Neuroscience of Language and Action......Page 57
Developmental Support for the Language and Action Connection......Page 59
Behavioral Support for the Connection between Language and Action......Page 60
Language and Neural Exploitation: Summary......Page 63
Forward Models and Motor Control......Page 64
Language and Action......Page 66
Mirror System and Word Learning......Page 67
Learning Abstract Syntactic Constructions......Page 68
Learning......Page 69
Tests of the Framework......Page 70
Changing Spatial Location of Objects......Page 71
Changing Emotional State......Page 72
Relation to Barsalou and Prinz......Page 73
Mirror System Localization......Page 74
Application to Education......Page 75
References......Page 77
Embodied Action-Perception Networks for Storing Semantic Information: the Case of Category-Specificity......Page 81
Some Problems with Semantic Category-Specificity......Page 83
Cortical Embodiment of Semantics: the Case of Action Words......Page 85
Somatotopic Semantic Activation: Comprehension or Post-Comprehension Inference?......Page 87
Theoretical Issues: Can the Motor Cortex Map Aspects of Semantics?......Page 91
Abstraction from a Brain Perspective......Page 94
Language Processes in the Brain: Distributed, Discrete, or Both?......Page 96
One or More Semantic-Conceptual Binding Sites?......Page 97
Summary and Outlook......Page 99
References......Page 101
Introduction......Page 108
Perceptual Symbols and their Limitations......Page 109
The Role of Natural Language Statistics......Page 115
Summary......Page 122
References......Page 123
Part Two: Embodiment of Social Cognition and Relationships......Page 127
Introduction......Page 129
The Social Cognition (SC) Model......Page 131
The SC Model: the Evidence......Page 135
Synchronization of Action......Page 136
Synchronization of Emotion......Page 138
Functional Utility of Synchronization......Page 140
Goal Mediated Synchronization......Page 142
Co-regulation of Behavior: Entrainment, Mimicry, and Coordination......Page 143
Entrainment......Page 144
Mimicry......Page 146
Coordination......Page 147
Co-regulation of Behavior......Page 148
Conclusion......Page 149
References......Page 151
6 An Embodied Account of Self-Other “Overlap” and Its Effects......Page 158
Embodied Cues and Relational Models......Page 160
Interpersonal Synchrony and Self-Other Overlap......Page 161
Interpersonal Touch and Self-Other Overlap......Page 165
References......Page 167
7 The Embodiment of Power and Communalism in Space and Bodily Contact......Page 170
The Mental Representation of Relational Models: Cognitive Embodiment......Page 173
Testing for Cognitive Embodiment......Page 174
Physical Proximity......Page 176
Bodily Contact......Page 177
Imitation......Page 180
Size and Height......Page 181
Vertical Position......Page 183
Conclusions......Page 185
Implications of Embodied Relational Models......Page 186
References......Page 189
8 Embodied Persuasion: Fundamental Processes By Which Bodily Responses Can Impact Attitudes......Page 194
Fundamental Processes of Embodied Persuasion......Page 195
Basic Associative Processes......Page 196
Simple Inferences from Bodily Responses......Page 197
Body Postures......Page 198
Bodily States Indicating Power......Page 200
Bodily Responses Can Influence the Direction of Thinking......Page 201
Head Movements......Page 202
Arm Flexion Versus Extension......Page 203
Bodily Responses Can Influence Thought-Confidence......Page 204
Head Movements......Page 205
Dominant Versus Non-Dominant Hand......Page 207
Behavioral Indicators of Power......Page 208
Additional High Elaboration Processes for Bodily Responses......Page 209
Distinguishing Between the Different Processes by Which the Body Affects Attitudes......Page 210
Summary and Conclusions......Page 213
References......Page 214
Part Three: Embodiment and Affect......Page 219
9 Affective Coherence: Affect as Embodied Evidence in Attitude, Advertising, and Art......Page 221
Being Moved......Page 222
Affect-as-Evidence......Page 224
Affective Coherence......Page 225
Enactment......Page 226
Summary......Page 227
Approach-Avoidance Action and Affect......Page 228
Summary......Page 229
Implications for Embodied Cognition......Page 230
Do Actions Cause Attitudes?......Page 231
Expression and Affect......Page 232
Evaluative Embodiment in Everyday Life......Page 234
Embodiment in Art......Page 235
Perspective in Renaissance Art......Page 236
Affective Accounting......Page 239
Conclusions......Page 241
References......Page 243
10 The Embodiment of Emotion......Page 247
Emotion Theory: A Brief History......Page 248
The Body Influences the Mind in Emotion......Page 250
The Mind Influences the Body in Emotion......Page 252
Mind and Body Interact in Emotion......Page 254
A Modern Embodiment View of Body and Mind in Emotion......Page 256
The Conceptual System for Emotion......Page 257
Core Affect......Page 260
Object Representations......Page 261
Emotion Words......Page 262
Heterogeneity......Page 263
A Change in Scientific Paradigm for the Study of Emotion......Page 264
References......Page 267
11 The Embodied Emotional Mind......Page 273
Amodal Accounts......Page 274
Embodied Accounts......Page 275
Neural Basis of Embodiment......Page 276
Emotion and Embodiment......Page 278
Peripheral Mechanisms......Page 279
Central Mechanisms......Page 281
Social Functioning......Page 282
Individuals with Autism......Page 283
Emotional Influence......Page 285
Learning and Expression of Value......Page 286
Expression of Attitudes......Page 287
Flexible Embodiment......Page 288
Emotion Concepts......Page 289
Summary, Open Issues, and Future Directions......Page 291
References......Page 293
Facial and Bodily Feedback Effects: Summary of Research Findings......Page 299
Explanations for Body Feedback Effects......Page 301
Body Feedback and Processing Styles......Page 302
Explaining Body Feedback Effects on Conceptual Scope......Page 304
Implications for Bodily Feedback Effects......Page 312
References......Page 313
Index......Page 319