Embitterment: Societal, psychological, and clinical perspectives

Cover......Page 1
Embitterment......Page 3
ISBN 9783211997406......Page 4
Preface......Page 6
Table of \rContents......Page 8
List of contributors......Page 16
1 Introduction......Page 21
References......Page 23
2.1.1 Embitterment in the context of specific stressors......Page 25
2.1.2 A circumplex model of embitterment......Page 27
2.1.3 Research findings......Page 30
2.1.4 Discussion and outlook......Page 33
References......Page 35
2.2.2 An overview on hope concepts......Page 37
2.2.3 Why is hope important in psychiatry?......Page 42
2.2.4 Hope and embitterment disorder......Page 44
References......Page 46
2.3 Embitterment – from the perspective\rof justice psychology......Page 50
2.4 Revenge after trauma: Theoretical outline......Page 62
2.5 “She looks back without bitterness”:\rWisdom as a developmental opposite\rof embitterment?......Page 90
2.6 Personality as risk and resilience\rin embitterment reactions......Page 103
2.7 Neurobiological correlates\rof social exclusion and social pain......Page 121
3.1 Relationships and embitterment......Page 139
3.2.1 Goal failure, bitterness, and quality of life......Page 149
3.2.2 Control attributions and the experience of bitterness......Page 150
3.2.3 Self-regulation of bitterness......Page 152
3.2.4 Bitterness in the context of the adult lifespan......Page 155
3.2.5 Conclusion......Page 157
References......Page 158
3.3.1 Cancer survivors and their emerging psychosocialproblems......Page 162
3.3.2 Conceptual framework for meaning and life purpose......Page 164
3.3.3 Existential issues in cancer......Page 165
3.3.4 Demoralization and embitterment in cancer......Page 167
References......Page 171
3.4.1 Stressors in the \rworkplace......Page 174
3.4.2 Injustice at work......Page 177
3.4.3 Employee reactions to injustice at work......Page 179
3.4.4 Embitterment in the context of work-related conflicts......Page 180
3.4.5 Conclusion......Page 182
References......Page 183
3.5.1 Haan and Hwa-Byung in a cultural perspective......Page 188
3.5.2 Honor suicide......Page 191
3.5.3 North Korean defectors (talbukja)......Page 192
3.5.4 Occupational injuries and Asian economic crisis......Page 193
References......Page 195
3.6.1 Bitterness and embitterment......Page 197
3.6.2 Reactive embitterment in patients with different types of \rmental disorders......Page 198
3.6.3 Embitterment as integral emotion of personality disorders......Page 200
3.6.4 Personality disorders as risk factor for PTED......Page 202
3.6.5 Embitterment prone personality disorder......Page 203
References......Page 204
4.1.1 Case vignette......Page 207
4.1.2 Medical management of post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD)......Page 209
4.1.3 Symptom and syndrome targeted treatment options......Page 210
4.1.4 Pharmacodynamic considerations......Page 212
References......Page 215
4.2.1 Understanding forgiveness......Page 217
4.2.2 Embitterment and forgiveness......Page 219
4.2.3 Intervention research on forgiveness......Page 222
4.2.4 Research implications......Page 225
References......Page 226
4.3.1 Wisdom as competence to cope with negative life events......Page 228
4.3.2 Learning and teaching of wisdom......Page 230
4.3.3 Cognitive behavior therapy and wisdom training......Page 231
4.3.4 Conclusion and outlook......Page 237
References......Page 238
4.4 Embitterment and Forgiveness in the \rcontext of the Conflict in Northern Ireland......Page 240
4.4.1 Embitterment in Northern Ireland......Page 241
4.4.2 Embitterment and collective memories......Page 242
4.4.3 Embitterment and forgiveness......Page 243
4.4.4 Focus groups for the understanding of injustice \rand forgiveness......Page 244
4.4.5 Determinants of forgiveness......Page 245
4.4.6 Continuous political conflicts and mental disorders......Page 246
4.4.7 Conclusion......Page 247
References......Page 248
5.1.1 A very brief history of psychopathology......Page 251
5.1.2 The “success story” of the PTSD diagnosis......Page 253
5.1.3 The concept of stress response syndromes......Page 254
5.1.4 Where are we now?......Page 256
References......Page 258
5.2.1 Trait embitterment......Page 260
5.2.2 Data and theory on embitterment, suicide, \rand homicide-suicide......Page 261
5.2.3 Future directions for the study of embitterment, suicide, \rand homicide-suicide......Page 263
5.2.4 Legal implications of PTED in intimate partner homicide......Page 264
5.2.5 Conclusion......Page 265
References......Page 266
5.3 Should embitterment be included amongmental disorders?......Page 268
5.3.1 Considerations relevant to the inclusion of a condition such as embitterment among formally recognized mental \rdisorders......Page 269
5.3.2 Inclusion of embitterment into a category \rof the classification of mental disorders......Page 273
References......Page 274
5.4.1 Psychological reactions to negative life events......Page 275
5.4.2 Posttraumatic embitterment disorder, PTED......Page 278
5.4.3 The “traumatic” nature of PTED......Page 281
5.4.4 Diagnostic differentiation from other mental disorders......Page 283
5.4.5 Etiological considerations......Page 284
5.4.6 The \rmeaning of PTED for the classification of reactive or adjustment disorders......Page 286
References......Page 289
5.5.1 Etiological factors in the definition of DSM/ICD disorders......Page 294
5.5.2 Approaches to diagnosing pathological reactions \rto stressors in DSM-IV and ICD-10......Page 296
5.5.3 Tier 1: Specific reactions to psychosocial stressors......Page 297
5.5.4 Tier 2: Criterion threshold met for non-stress-defineddisorder......Page 300
5.5.5 Tier 3: Adjustment disorder......Page 301
References......Page 302
5.6 Contextual factors and reactive disordersin the International Classificationof Functioning, Disability and Health......Page 304
5.6.1 Contextual factors as conceptualized in the ICF......Page 305
5.6.2 The relationship of the ICD and ICF in formulating a case......Page 307
5.6.3 Using the ICF to document environmental factors relating to reactive disorders......Page 309
5.6.4 Using the ICF and ICD to specify environmental factors,signs and symptoms, disabilities and formulate a case \rof reactive disorders and PTED......Page 311
References......Page 313
5.7.1 Classifying reactive mental disorders......Page 315
5.7.2 Stressors......Page 317
5.7.3 Symptoms......Page 320
5.7.4 Personality and vulnerability......Page 323
5.7.5 A word about bereavement......Page 326
5.7.6 Conclusion......Page 327
References......Page 328
Index\r......Page 331
About the authors......Page 339