Embedded Hardware

Cover Page......Page 1
Newnes Know It All Series......Page 3
Title: Embedded Hardware......Page 4
ISBN 0750685840......Page 5
Contents (with page links)......Page 6
About the Authors......Page 14
1.1 Lesson One on Hardware: Reading Schematics......Page 18
1.2 The Embedded Board and the von Neumann Model......Page 22
1.3 Powering the Hardware......Page 26
1.4 Basic Electronics......Page 29
1.5 Putting It Together: A Power Supply......Page 49
Endnotes......Page 58
2.1 Coding......Page 60
2.2 Combinatorial Logic......Page 64
2.3 Sequential Logic......Page 70
2.4 Putting It All Together: The Integrated Circuit......Page 75
Endnotes......Page 78
3.1 Introduction......Page 80
3.2 ISA Architecture Models......Page 82
3.3 Internal Processor Design......Page 95
3.4 Processor Performance......Page 148
Endnotes......Page 150
4.1 Board I/O......Page 154
4.2 Managing Data: Serial vs. Parallel I/O......Page 157
4.3 Interfacing the I/O Components......Page 178
4.4 I/O and Performance......Page 182
4.5 Board Buses......Page 183
4.6 Bus Arbitration and Timing......Page 185
4.7 Integrating the Bus with Other Board Components......Page 196
4.8 Bus Performance......Page 197
5.2 Memory Spaces......Page 200
5.3 Cache Overview......Page 204
5.4 External Memory......Page 212
5.5 Direct Memory Access......Page 231
Endnotes......Page 253
6.2 Timing Diagram Notation Conventions......Page 256
6.3 Fan-Out and Loading Analysis: DC and AC......Page 261
6.4 Logic Family IC Characteristics and Interfacing......Page 272
6.5 Design Example: Noise Margin Analysis Spreadsheet......Page 278
6.6 Worst-Case Timing Analysis Example......Page 287
Endnotes......Page 289
7.1 Introduction......Page 290
7.2 Choosing the Right Core......Page 293
7.3 Building Custom Peripherals with FPGAs......Page 298
7.4 Whose Development Hardware to Use—Chicken or Egg?......Page 299
7.5 Recommended Laboratory Equipment......Page 302
7.6 Development Toolchains......Page 303
7.7 Free Embedded Operating Systems......Page 306
7.8 GNU and You: How Using “Free” Software Affects Your Product......Page 312
8.1 Introduction......Page 318
8.2 Some History......Page 320
8.3 RS-232 Standard Operating Procedure......Page 322
8.4 RS-232 Voltage Conversion Considerations......Page 325
8.5 Implementing RS-232 with a Microcontroller......Page 327
8.6 Writing RS-232 Microcontroller Routines in BASIC......Page 350
8.7 Building Some RS-232 Communications Hardware......Page 356
8.8 I2C: The Other Serial Protocol......Page 359
8.9 Communication Options......Page 395
Endnote......Page 404
9.2 Digital Interfacing......Page 406
9.3 High-Current Outputs......Page 421
9.4 CPLDs and FPGAs......Page 435
9.5 Analog Interfacing: An Overview......Page 437
9.6 Conclusion......Page 451
Endnote......Page 452
10.2 Diagnostics......Page 454
10.3 Connecting Tools......Page 455
10.4 Other Thoughts......Page 456
10.5 Construction Methods......Page 457
10.7 Electrostatic Discharge Effects......Page 459
10.8 Hardware Development Tools......Page 461
10.9 Software Development Tools......Page 462
10.10 Other Specialized Design Considerations......Page 463
10.11 Processor Performance Metrics......Page 465
Appendix A: Schematic Symbols......Page 468
B......Page 476
D......Page 477
F......Page 478
I......Page 479
L......Page 480
O......Page 481
Q......Page 482
S......Page 483
V......Page 484
X......Page 485
C.1 Introduction......Page 486
C.2 Resistance of Conductors......Page 487
C.3 Voltage Drop in Signal Leads—“Kelvin” Feedback......Page 488
C.4 Signal Return Currents......Page 489
C.5 Grounding in Mixed Analog/Digital Systems......Page 491
C.6 Ground and Power Planes......Page 492
C.7 Double-Sided versus Multilayer Printed Circuit Boards......Page 494
C.8 Multicard Mixed-Signal Systems......Page 495
C.9 Separating Analog and Digital Grounds......Page 496
C.10 Grounding and Decoupling Mixed-Signal ICs with Low Digital Currents......Page 497
C.11 Treat the ADC Digital Outputs with Care......Page 498
C.12 Sampling Clock Considerations......Page 500
C.13 The Origins of the Confusion About Mixed-Signal Grounding: Applying Single-Card Grounding Concepts to Multicard Systems......Page 502
C.14 Summary: Grounding Mixed-Signal Devices with Low Digital Currents in a Multicard System......Page 503
C.16 Grounding DSPs with Internal Phase-Locked Loops......Page 504
C.17 Grounding Summary......Page 505
C.16 Some General PC Board Layout Guidelines for Mixed-Signal Systems......Page 506
C.19 Skin Effect......Page 508
C.20 Transmission Lines......Page 510
C.21 Be Careful with Ground Plane Breaks......Page 511
C.22 Ground Isolation Techniques......Page 512
C.23 Static PCB Effects......Page 514
C.24 Sample MINIDIP and SOIC Op Amp PCB Guard Layouts......Page 517
C.25 Dynamic PCB Effects......Page 519
C.26 Stray Capacitance......Page 520
C.27 Capacitive Noise and Faraday Shields......Page 521
C.29 Buffering ADCs Against Logic Noise......Page 523
Endnotes......Page 525
Acknowledgments......Page 526
Index (with page links)......Page 528