Elements of Optical Networking: Basics and Practice of Glass Fiber Optical Data Communication

Foreword to the Second Edition
Contents
1 Introduction
	Anchor 2
2 Light
	2.1	What is light?
	2.2	Particle or Wave—Duality of Waves and Particles
		2.2.1	Wave Viewpoint
		2.2.2	Ray Viewpoint
	2.3	Power and Energy of Electromagnetic Waves
	2.4	Analogue or Digital, Bandwidth or Bit Rate
	2.5	Bits and Bytes, Bit Sequences
	Anchor 9
3 Glass Fibers
	3.1	Light Guiding in Waveguide Structures
		3.1.1	Wave Guiding in Layers
		3.1.2	Wave Guiding in Glass Fibers
	3.2	Light Guiding in Glass Fibers, Multi-Mode, and Single-Mode Fibers
		3.2.1	Light Propagation in Glass Fibers, Angle of Acceptance, Numerical Aperture
		3.2.2	Transversal Modes in Glass Fibers, Mode Mixing
		3.2.3	Single-Mode-Condition, Cut-Off-Wavelength in Glass Fibers
		3.2.4	Mode Field Diameter
	3.3	Attenuation in Glass Fibers
		3.3.1	UV Absorption
		3.3.2	Rayleigh Scattering
		3.3.3	Absorption in Water
		3.3.4	IR Absorption
		3.3.5	Attenuation Coefficient Versus Wavelength in Glass Fibers
	3.4	Dispersion in Glass Fibers
		3.4.1	Concept and Impact of Dispersion Glass Fibers
		3.4.2	Mechanisms of Dispersion
			3.4.2.1 Modal Dispersion
			3.4.2.2 Material Dispersion
			3.4.2.3 Waveguide Dispersion
			3.4.2.4 Chromatic Dispersion
			3.4.2.5 Bandwidth-Length-Product
			3.4.2.6 Polarization-Mode-Dispersion (PMD)
	3.5	Special Glass Fibers and Fiber Cables
		3.5.1	Special Fibers
		3.5.2	Types of Glass Fibers
		3.5.3	Glass Fiber Cables
	Anchor 29
4 Fiber Optic Connections and Couplers
	4.1	Plugs and Splices
		4.1.1	Splices
		4.1.2	Plugs
		4.1.3	Examples of Optical Fiber Connectors
	4.2	Functionality of Couplers and Switches
		4.2.1	Coupling Elements
		4.2.2	Types of Couplers
			4.2.2.1 Face Couplers
			4.2.2.2 Surface area couplers
5 Optical Transmitters
	5.1	Main Elements of Semiconductor Lasers
	5.2	Active Element
		5.2.1	Lattice Structure of Semiconductors
		5.2.2	Band Structure of Semiconductors, Direct and Indirect Transitions
		5.2.3	Choice of Material
		5.2.4	Light Emission in Semiconductors, LED
			5.2.4.1 Recombination in Semiconductors
			5.2.4.2 Line Width
			5.2.4.3 p-n Junction as a Basic Structure, LED
		5.2.5	Semiconductor Transmitters—Basic Structure
			5.2.5.1 Double-Hetero-Structure Laser (DH Diode)
			5.2.5.2 From the Volume Semiconductor to the Point Semiconductor
			5.2.5.3 Multi-Quantum Well Structure (MQW)
	5.3	Resonators
		5.3.1	Fabry-Perot Laser
		5.3.2	Dynamical Single-Mode Laser (DSM)
	5.4	Laser Properties
		5.4.1	P-I Characteristic, Temperature Behavior, Degradation
		5.4.2	Spectrum of Semiconductor Lasers
		5.4.3	Radiation Characteristics
	5.5	Selected Laser Types for Optical Networks
		5.5.1	MQW Laser with DFB Resonator as Edge-Emitting Diode
		5.5.2	Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) as Surface-Emitting Diode
	Anchor 25
6 Modulation of Laser Light
	6.1	Task and Problems of Laser Modulation
	6.2	Modulation Methods in Optical Communications Engineering
		6.2.1	Amplitude Modulation, Power Modulation (AM, PM)
		6.2.2	Pulse-Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
		6.2.3	Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
		6.2.4	Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM)
	6.3	Direct Modulation of Semiconductor Lasers
	6.4	External Modulation of Semiconductor Lasers
		6.4.1	Phase and Frequency Modulation
		6.4.2	Power Modulation
	Anchor 12
7 Optical Receivers
	7.1	Receiver Principles
	7.2	pin Diode
	7.3	Avalanche Photo Diode (APD)
	7.4	Noise in Receivers, Bit-Error Rate (BER)
		7.4.1	Shot Noise
		7.4.2	Intensity Noise
		7.4.3	Thermal noise, Nyquist noise
		7.4.4	Multiplication Noise
		7.4.5	Bit-Error Ratio
		7.4.6	Optical heterodyne
	Anchor 12
8 Compounds of Optical Networks
	8.1	Switches in Optical Networks
		8.1.1	Mechanical Switches
		8.1.2	Electro-Optical Switches
		8.1.3	Mechano-Optical Switches
		8.1.4	Micro-Electromechanical Systems (MEMS)
		8.1.5	Thermal Switches
	8.2	Filter in Optical Networks
		8.2.1	Interference Filters (Thin-Layer Filter)
		8.2.2	Fabry-Perot Filters
		8.2.3	Fiber-Bragg-Gratings
		8.2.4	Phased-Array Routers
		8.2.5	Application of Optical Filters
			8.2.5.1 Optical Isolator
			8.2.5.2 Optical Circulator
			8.2.5.3 Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer
			8.2.5.4 Optical Cross-Connector
	8.3	Signal Regeneration
	8.4	Optical Amplifier (Re-Amplification)
		8.4.1	Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
			8.4.1.1 Amplification in Erbium-Doped Glass Fibers
			8.4.1.2 Noise in EDFAs, ASE
			8.4.1.3 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) and EDFA
			8.4.1.4 Experimental Realization of EDFAs
			8.4.1.5 Other Amplifiers Doped with Rare Earths
		8.4.2	Raman Amplifier
			8.4.2.1 Raman Effect
			8.4.2.2 Spontaneous Raman Scattering, Spectrum of Amplification
			8.4.2.3 Stimulated Raman Scattering
			8.4.2.4 Experimental Realization
			8.4.2.5 Problems in Raman Amplifiers
			8.4.2.6 Noise in Raman Amplifiers
		8.4.3	Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOA)
	8.5	Dispersion Compensation (Re-Shaping)
		8.5.1	Application of Dispersion Compensating Fibers
		8.5.2	Dispersion Compensation with Fiber-Bragg-Gratings
	8.6	Clock Recovery (Re-Timing)
		8.6.1	Clock Recovery by Using Nonlinear Methods
		8.6.2	Clock Recovery by Decision Feedback
	Anchor 40
9 Measurement Technology in Optical Fibers and Optical Transmission Systems
	9.1	Measurement Technology in Glass Fibers
		9.1.1	Measurement of Index Profile
			9.1.1.1 Near-Field Scanning Method (Near-Field Scanning)
			9.1.1.2 Refracted Near-Field Method
		9.1.2	Measurements of Losses
			9.1.2.1 Ut-Back and Substitution Methods
			9.1.2.2 Backscattering, OTDR Method
		9.1.3	Dispersion Measurement
			9.1.3.1 Measurements in Time Range
			9.1.3.2 Measurements in Frequency Range
	9.2	Measurement of Quality of Data Transfer
		9.2.1	Measurements of the Bit-Error Ratio, Receiver Sensitivity
		9.2.2	Eye Diagram
	Anchor 15
10 Nonlinearities in Glass Fibers
	10.1	Nonlinear Effects in Glass Fibers
		10.1.1	Nonlinear Scattering in Glass Fibers
		10.1.2	Third-Order Nonlinearities in Glass Fibers, Four-Wave Mixing, Self-Phase Modulation, Cross-Phase Modulation
		10.1.3	Intensity with third-order nonlinear effects in optical fibers.
	10.2	Chirp in Glass Fibers
	10.3	Polarization Dispersion Management with Nonlinearities
		10.3.1	Reduction of Chirp
		10.3.2	Using the Chirp
	10.4	Active Compensation of Dispersion
	10.5	Solitons
	Anchor 12
11 Optical Networks
	11.1	Global Networks
		11.1.1	Transport Networks
		11.1.2	Access Networks, FTTX
	11.2	Communication Topologies
	11.3	Optical Multiplexing
		11.3.1	Space Division Multiplexing (SDM)
		11.3.2	Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
		11.3.3	Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
			11.3.3.1 WWDM
			11.3.3.2 CWDM
			11.3.3.3 DWDM
			11.3.3.4 CDMA
	11.4	WDM Systems
	Anchor 15
12 Help and Solutions
	12.1	Help
	12.2	Solutions
References
Index