Elements of Argumentation

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Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
1 Nature of Argumentation......Page 16
1.1 Basic Concepts for Argumentation......Page 17
1.2 Information Involved in Argumentation......Page 21
1.3 Agents Involved in Argumentation......Page 24
1.4 Requirements for Formalizing Argumentation......Page 28
1.5 Frameworks for Formalizing Argumentation......Page 31
1.7 Bibliographic Notes......Page 34
2.1 Introduction......Page 36
2.2 Acceptability......Page 39
2.3 Cycles......Page 42
2.4 Fixpoints......Page 45
2.5 Discussion......Page 48
2.6 Bibliographic Notes......Page 51
3 Logical Argumentation......Page 52
3.1 Preliminaries......Page 53
3.2 Arguments......Page 54
3.3 Defeaters, Rebuttals, and Undercuts......Page 60
3.4 Canonical Undercuts......Page 66
3.5 Argument Trees......Page 70
3.6 Duplicates......Page 79
3.7 Argument Structures......Page 81
3.8 First-Order Argumentation......Page 83
3.9 Discussion......Page 87
3.10 Bibliographic Notes......Page 89
4.1 Argumentation for Thinking about Questions......Page 92
4.2 Argumentation That Raises Further Questions......Page 95
4.3 Polemical Argumentation......Page 98
4.4 Speculational Argumentation......Page 102
4.5 Coalitions of Arguments Working in Harmony......Page 106
4.6 Making the Same Point in Different Ways......Page 109
4.7 Analysis of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors......Page 112
4.8 Selective and Formative Argumentation......Page 114
4.9 Reflecting Natural Language in Logic......Page 115
4.10 Discussion......Page 119
4.11 Bibliographic Notes......Page 120
5 Comparing and Rationalizing Arguments......Page 122
5.1 Judging Argument Trees......Page 123
5.2 Degree of Undercut......Page 124
5.3 Pruning of Argument Trees......Page 134
5.4 Compressing Argument Trees......Page 137
5.5 Condensing Argument Trees......Page 139
5.6 Shifting Commitment from Defenders to Attackers......Page 142
5.7 Discussion 129......Page 144
5.8 Bibliographic Notes......Page 145
6 Considering the Audience......Page 146
6.1 Higher Impact Argumentation......Page 147
6.2 More Convincing Argumentation......Page 159
6.3 Cost of Understanding Arguments......Page 167
6.4 Discussion 154......Page 169
6.5 Bibliographic Notes......Page 171
7 Algorithms for Argumentation......Page 172
7.1 Basic Algorithms......Page 173
7.2 Argument Compilation......Page 175
7.3 Argument Contouring......Page 189
7.4 Approximate Arguments......Page 196
7.6 Bibliographic Notes......Page 203
8 Comparison with Related Approaches......Page 206
8.1 Argumentation Based on Classical Logic......Page 207
8.2 Argumentation Based on Defeasible Logic......Page 220
8.3 Argumentation Based on Inference Rules......Page 236
8.4 Argumentation Based on Default Logic......Page 242
8.5 Argumentative Attitudes......Page 244
8.6 Argumentation Technology......Page 245
8.7 Discussion......Page 248
9.1 Assessment of Our Approach......Page 252
9.2 Key Issues for Future Development......Page 253
9.3 Toward Dialogical Argumentation......Page 263
A Table of Uniform Notation......Page 264
B Review of Trees......Page 266
C.1 Language of Classical Propositional Logic......Page 268
C.2 Semantics for Classical Propositional Logic......Page 270
C.3 Consequence Relation......Page 274
C.4 Classical Predicate Logic......Page 275
D Proofs for Results in Book......Page 278
Bibliography......Page 300
Index......Page 310