ELEMENTARY TEXTBOOK ON PHYSICS VOLUME 3 OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES OPTICS ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS

Front Cover......Page 1
Front Jacket......Page 2
Title Page......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
From the Preface to the First Russian Edition......Page 15
From the Publishers of the Tenth Russian Edition......Page 18
Introduction......Page 20
1.1. Motion of Bodies......Page 23
1.2. Kinematics. Relative Nature of Motion and State of Rest......Page 25
1.3. Trajectory of Motion......Page 26
1.4. Translatory and Rotary Motion of a Body......Page 28
1.5. Motion of a Point......Page 29
1.6. Description of Motion of a Point......Page 30
1.7. Measurement of Length......Page 33
1.8. Measurement of Time Intervals......Page 36
1.9. Uniform Rectilinear Motion and Its Velocity......Page 38
1.11. Units of Velocity......Page 40
1.12. Path vs. Time Graph......Page 43
1.13. Velocity vs. Time Graph......Page 47
1.14. Nonuniform Rectilinear Motion. Average Velocity......Page 48
1.15. Instantaneous Velocity......Page 49
1.16. Acceleration in Rectilinear Motion......Page 51
1.17. Velocity of Uniformly Accelerated Motion in a Straight Line......Page 53
1.18. The Sign of Acceleration in Rectilinear Motion......Page 54
1.19. Velocity Graphs for Uniformly Accelerated Motion in a Straight Line......Page 55
1.20. Velocity Graph for an Arbitrary Nonuniform Motion......Page 56
1.21. Calculation of the Path Traversed in Nonuniform Motion with the Help of Velocity Graph......Page 58
1.23. Vectors......Page 60
1.24. Decomposition of a Vector into Components......Page 64
1.26. Velocity of Curvilinear Motion......Page 67
1.27. Acceleration in Curvilinear Motion......Page 69
1.28. Motion in Different Reference Systems......Page 71
1.29. Kinematics of Motion in Outer Space......Page 73
2.2. Law of Inertia......Page 76
2.4. Galileo’s Relativity Principle......Page 79
2.5. Forces......Page 80
2.6. Balanced Forces. State of Rest and Inertial Motion......Page 82
2.7. Force as a Vector. Standard of Force......Page 83
2.8. Spring Balance......Page 84
2.9. The Point of Application of a Force......Page 87
2.11. Composition of Forces Acting along a Straight Line......Page 88
2.12. Composition of Forces Acting at an Angle to Each Other......Page 89
2.13. Relation between Force and Acceleration......Page 91
2.14. Mass of a Body......Page 93
2.15. Newton’s Second Law......Page 95
2.16. Units of Force and Mass......Page 98
2.18. Newton’s Third Law......Page 99
2.19. Applications of Newton’s Third Law......Page 102
2.20. Momentum of a Body......Page 104
2.21. System of Bodies. Law of Momentum Conservation......Page 105
2.22. Application of the Law of Momentum Conservation......Page 107
2.23. Free Fall of Bodies......Page 109
2.25. Falling of a Body with Zero Initial Velocity and Motion of a Body Thrown Vertically Upwards......Page 110
2.26. Weight of a Body......Page 112
2.27. Mass and Weight......Page 114
2.28. Density of Substances......Page 115
2.29. Emergence of Deformations......Page 116
2.30. Deformations in Stationary Bodies Caused Only by Contact Forces......Page 117
2.31. Deformations in Stationary Bodies Caused by the Force of Gravity......Page 118
2.32. Deformation of a Body Moving with an Acceleration......Page 119
2.33. Vanishing of Deformations in Free Fail......Page 121
2.34. Destruction of Moving Bodies......Page 123
2.35. Frictional Forces......Page 124
2.36. Rolling Friction......Page 127
2.37. Role of Friction......Page 128
2.38. Resistance of Medium......Page 129
2.39. Falling of Bodies in Air......Page 130
3.1. Problems of Statics......Page 133
3.2. Perfectly Rigid Body......Page 134
3.3. Translation of the Point of Application of a Force Acting on a Rigid Body......Page 135
3.4. Equilibrium of a Body under the Action of Three Forces......Page 137
3.5. Decomposition of Forces......Page 138
3.6. Projections of Forces. General Conditions of Equilibrium......Page 141
3.7. Constraints. Constraining Forces. A Body with a Fixed Axis......Page 143
3.8. Equilibrium of a Body with a Fixed Axis......Page 145
3.9. Moment of Force......Page 146
3.10. Measurement of Torque......Page 149
3.11. Force Couple......Page 150
3.12. Composition of Parallel Forces. Centre of Gravity......Page 151
3.13. Determination of the Centre of Gravity of a Body......Page 154
3.14. Equilibrium of a Body under the Action of the Force of Gravity......Page 157
3.15. Conditions of Stable Equilibrium under the Action of the Force of Gravity......Page 159
3.16. Simple Machines......Page 162
3.17. Wedge and Screw......Page 168
4.1. “Golden Rule” of Mechanics......Page 172
4.2. Applications of the \"Golden Rule”......Page 173
4.3. Work Done by a Force......Page 174
4.5. Work Done by a Force Acting at an Arbitrary Angle to Displacement......Page 176
4.6. Positive and Negative Work......Page 177
4.7. Units of Work......Page 178
4.9. Work Done by the Force of Gravity in Motion over an Inclined Plane......Page 179
4.10. Principle of Work Conservation......Page 180
4.11. Energy......Page 182
4.12. Potential Energy......Page 183
4.13. Potential Energy of Elastic Deformation......Page 185
4.15. Kinetic Energy in Terms of Mass and Velocity of a Body......Page 187
4.16. Total Energy of a Body......Page 188
4.17. The Law of Energy Conservation......Page 190
4.18. Frictional Forces and the Law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy......Page 193
4.19. Conversion of Mechanical Energy into Internal Energy......Page 194
4.20. General Nature of the Law of Energy Conservation......Page 196
4.21. Power......Page 197
4.22. Calculation of Power of Machines......Page 198
4.23. Power, Speed and Dimensions of Machines......Page 199
4.24. Efficiency of Machines......Page 200
5.1. Emergence of Curvilinear Motion......Page 202
5.2. Acceleration of a Curvilinear Motion......Page 203
5.3. Motion of a Body Thrown along the Horizontal......Page 204
5.4. Motion of a Body Thrown at an Angle to the Horizontal......Page 207
5.5. Flight of Bullets and Projectiles......Page 210
5.6. Angular Velocity......Page 211
5.7. Forces in a Uniform Circular Motion......Page 212
5.8. Emergence of the Force Acting on a Body Moving in a Circle......Page 214
5.9. Rupture of Flywheels......Page 216
5.10. Deformation of a Body Moving in a Circle......Page 217
5.11. Roller Coaster......Page 219
5.12. Banking of Tracks......Page 221
5.13. The Circular Motion of a Suspended Body......Page 222
5.14. Motion of Planets......Page 223
5.15. The Law of Universal Gravitation......Page 227
5.16. Artificial Satellites of the Earth......Page 231
6.1. The Role of a Reference System......Page 239
6.2. Motion Relative to Different Inertial Systems......Page 240
6.3. Motion Relative to an Inertial and a Noninertial Reference System......Page 241
6.5. Inertial Forces......Page 243
6.6. Equivalence of Inertial Forces and Gravitational Forces......Page 245
6.7. Weightlessness and Overloads......Page 248
6.8. Is the Earth an Inertial Reference System?......Page 250
6.9. Rotating Reference Systems......Page 251
6.10. Inertial Forces for a Body Moving Relative to a Rotating Reference System......Page 253
6.11. Proof of the Earth\'s Rotation......Page 254
6.12. Tides......Page 257
7.1. Mobility of Liquids......Page 259
7.2. Force of Pressure......Page 260
7.3. Measurement of Compressibility of a Liquid......Page 262
7.5. Forces of Pressure Are Transmitted in a Liquid in All Directions......Page 263
7.7. Pressure......Page 264
7.8. Membrane Manometer......Page 265
7.9. Independence of Pressure of the Orientation of an Area Element......Page 266
7.11. Determination of Forces of Pressure from Pressure......Page 267
7.12. Distribution of Pressure in a Liquid......Page 268
7.13. Pascal’s Principle......Page 269
7.14. Hydraulic Press......Page 270
7.15. Liquid under the Action of the Force of Gravity......Page 272
7.16. Communicating Vessels......Page 276
7.17. Liquid Column Manometer......Page 278
7.18. Water Supply System. Pressure Pump......Page 279
7.19. Siphon......Page 281
7.20. Force of Pressure on the Bottom of a Vessel......Page 282
7.21. Water Pressure in Sea Depths......Page 285
7.22. The Strength of a Submarine......Page 288
7.23. Archimedes’ Principle......Page 289
7.25. Floatation of Bodies......Page 293
7.26. Floatation of Hollow Bodies......Page 296
7.27. Stability of Floating Ships......Page 298
7.29. Bodies Lying on the Bottom of a Vessel......Page 299
8.1. Mechanical Properties of Gases......Page 301
8.2. Atmosphere......Page 302
8.3. Atmospheric Pressure......Page 303
8.4. Other Experiments Confirming the Existence of the Atmospheric Pressure......Page 305
8.6. Effect of the Atmospheric Pressure on the Level of Liquid in a Pipe......Page 308
8.7. Maximum Height of a Liquid Column......Page 310
8.8. Torricelli’s Experiment. Mercury Barometer and Aneroid Barometer......Page 312
8.9. Distribution of Atmospheric Pressure over Altitude......Page 315
8.11. Archimedes’ Principle for Gases......Page 318
8.12. Balloons and Airships......Page 319
8.13. Application of Compressed Air in Engineering......Page 321
9.1. Pressure in a Fluid Flow......Page 324
9.2. Fluid Flow in Pipes. Fluid Friction......Page 326
9.3. Bernoulli’s Law......Page 329
9.4. Fluid in Noninertial Reference Systems......Page 331
9.5. Reaction of a Moving Fluid and Its Application......Page 333
9.6. Motion over Water Surface......Page 336
9.7. Rockets......Page 338
9.9. Ballistic Missiles......Page 340
9.11. Air Resistance. Resistance of Water......Page 342
9.12. Magnus Effect and Circulation......Page 346
9.14. Turbulence in a Fluid Flow......Page 351
9.15. Laminar Flow......Page 352
10.1. Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids......Page 353
10.2. Thermometers......Page 357
10.3. Formula of Linear Expansion......Page 359
10.4. Formula for Volume Expansion......Page 361
10.5. Relation between Temperature Coefficients of Linear and Volume Expansion......Page 363
10.7. Thermal Expansion of Water......Page 364
11.1. Change of the State of Bodies......Page 366
11.2. Heating of Bodies on Which Work Is Done......Page 367
11.3. The Change in the Internal Energy in Heat Transfer......Page 369
11.4. Units of Heat......Page 370
11.5. Dependence of Internal Energy of a Body on Its Mass and Substance of Which It Is Made Up......Page 371
11.6. Heat Capacity of a Body......Page 372
11.8. Calorimeter. Measurement of Heat Capacity......Page 373
11.9. The Law of Energy Conservation......Page 376
11.11. Types of Processes Involving Heat Transfer......Page 378
12.1. Molecules and Atoms......Page 383
12.2. Size of Atoms and Molecules......Page 384
12.3. Microworld......Page 385
12.4. Internal Energy from the Viewpoint of Molecular Theory......Page 386
12.5. Molecular Motion......Page 387
12.6. Molecular Motion in Gases, Liquids and Solids......Page 388
12.7. Brownian Movement......Page 389
12.8. Intermolecular Forces......Page 390
13.1. Pressure of a Gas......Page 393
13.2. Temperature Dependence of Gas Pressure......Page 395
13.3. Formula Expressing Gay-Lussac’s Law......Page 396
13.4. Gay-Lussac’s Law from the Point of View of Molecular Theory......Page 397
13.5. Variation of Gas Temperature with a Change in Its Volume. Adiabatic and Isothermal Processes......Page 398
13.6. Boyle’s Law......Page 400
13.7. Formula Expressing Boyle’s Law......Page 402
13.9. Relation between the Gas Density and Pressure......Page 403
13.10. Molecular Interpretation of Boyle’s Law......Page 404
13.11. Variation of Gas Volume with Temperature......Page 405
13.12. Charles’ Law......Page 406
13.13. Graphs Representing Gay-Lussac’s and Charles’ Laws......Page 407
13.14. Thermodynamic Temperature......Page 408
13.15. Gas Thermometer......Page 410
13.17. Temperature Dependence of Gas Density......Page 411
13.18. Equation of State for a Gas......Page 412
13.19. Dalton’s Law......Page 413
13.20. Density of Gases......Page 415
13.21. Avogadro’s Law......Page 416
13.22. Mole. Avogadro’s Number......Page 417
13.23. Velocities of Gas Molecules......Page 418
13.24. Measurement of Velocities of Gas Molecules(Stern’s Experiment)......Page 422
13.25. Specific Heat Capacities of Gases......Page 424
13.26. Molar Heat Capacities......Page 425
13.27. The Dulong and Petit Law......Page 426
14.1. Structure of Liquids......Page 428
14.2. Surface Energy......Page 429
14.3. Surface Tension......Page 433
14.4. Liquid Films......Page 436
14.6. Wetting and Nonwetting......Page 438
14.7. Arrangement of Molecules at the Surface of Bodies......Page 441
14.8. The Role of the Curvature of the Free Surface of a Liquid......Page 442
14.9. Capillary Phenomena......Page 446
14.10. The Height to Which a Liquid Rises in Capillary Tubes......Page 448
14.11. Adsorption......Page 450
14.12. Floatation......Page 451
14.13. Dissolution of Gases......Page 453
14.14. Mutual Solubility of Liquids......Page 455
14.15. Dissolution of Solids in Liquids......Page 456
15.2. Crystalline Bodies......Page 458
15.3. Amorphous Bodies......Page 462
15.4. Crystal Lattice......Page 463
15.5. Crystallisation......Page 466
15.6. Melting and Solidification......Page 467
15.7. Specific Latent Heat of Fusion......Page 468
15.8. Supercooling......Page 470
15.9. The Change in the Density of a Substance during Fusion......Page 471
15.10. Polymers......Page 472
15.11. Alloys......Page 475
15.13. Cooling Mixtures......Page 477
15.14. Variation of Properties of a Solid......Page 478
16.2. Elastic and Plastic Deformations......Page 480
16.3. Hooke’s Law......Page 481
16.4. Extension and Compression......Page 482
16.5. Shear......Page 484
16.6. Torsion......Page 485
16.7. Bending......Page 487
16.8. Strength......Page 489
16.9. Hardness......Page 490
16.11. Energy Variation during Deformations of Bodies......Page 491
17.2. Saturated and Unsaturated Vapour......Page 493
17.3. Variation of Volume of Liquid and Saturated Vapour......Page 495
17.4. Dalton’s Law for Vapours......Page 497
17.5. Molecular Pattern of Evaporation......Page 498
17.6. Temperature Dependence of Saturated Vapour Pressure......Page 499
17.7. Boiling......Page 500
17.8. Specific Latent Heat of Vaporisation......Page 504
17.9. Cooling during Evaporation......Page 507
17.10. The Change in the Internal Energy during a Transition of a Substance from the Liquid State to Vapour......Page 508
17.11. Evaporation from Curved Surfaces of Liquids......Page 509
17.12. Superheating of a Liquid......Page 510
17.13. Supersaturation of Vapours......Page 511
17.14. Vapour Saturation in Sublimation......Page 512
17.15. Liquefaction of Gases......Page 513
17.16. Critical Temperature......Page 514
17.17. Liquefaction of Gases in Engineering......Page 517
17.18. Vacuum Technology......Page 520
17.19. Water Vapour in the Atmosphere......Page 521
18.1. The Atmosphere......Page 525
18.2. Heat Balance of the Earth......Page 526
18.3. Adiabatic Processes in the Atmosphere......Page 527
18.4. Clouds......Page 528
18.6. Wind......Page 530
18.7. Weather Forecasting......Page 532
19.1. Necessary Conditions for the Operation of Heat Engines......Page 534
19.2. Steam Power Plant......Page 535
19.3. Steam Boiler......Page 536
19.4. Steam Turbine......Page 537
19.5. Steam Piston Engine......Page 539
19.6. Condenser......Page 540
19.8. Efficiency of a Steam Power Plant......Page 541
19.9. Petrol Internal Combustion Engine......Page 543
19.10. Efficiency of Internal Combustion Engines......Page 547
19.11. Diesel Engine......Page 548
19.12. Jet Engines......Page 549
19.13. Heat Transfer from a Cold to a Hot Body......Page 550
Answers and Solutions......Page 553
Index......Page 556
Back Jacket......Page 568
Back Cover......Page 569