Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes

Cover
......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
About the Authors......Page 5
Preface to the Fourth Edition......Page 6
Notes to Instructors......Page 7
Digital Resources and WileyPLUS......Page 8
Postscript: Introduction to an Author......Page 9
Nomenclature......Page 10
Glossary of Chemical Process Terms......Page 12
Contents......Page 15
Part 1: Engineering Problem Analysis......Page 21
Chapter 1: What Some Chemical Engineers Do for a Living......Page 23
2.0 Learning Objectives......Page 25
2.1 Units and Dimensions......Page 26
2.2 Conversion of Units......Page 27
2.3 Systems of Units......Page 28
2.4 Force and Weight......Page 30
2.5a Scientific Notation, Significant Figures, and Precision......Page 32
2.5b Validating Results......Page 33
2.5c Estimation of Measured Values: Sample Mean......Page 35
2.5d Sample Variance of Scattered Data......Page 36
2.6 Dimensional Homogeneity and Dimensionless Quantities......Page 39
2.7 Process Data Representation and Analysis......Page 41
2.7a Two-Point Linear Interpolation......Page 42
2.7b Fitting a Straight Line......Page 43
2.7c Fitting Nonlinear Data......Page 44
2.7d Logarithmic Coordinates......Page 46
2.8 Summary......Page 49
Problems......Page 50
3.0 Learning Objectives......Page 65
3.1 Mass and Volume......Page 66
3.2a Mass and Volumetric Flow Rate......Page 68
3.2b Flow Rate Measurement......Page 69
3.3 Chemical Composition......Page 70
3.3a Moles and Molecular Weight......Page 71
3.3b Mass and Mole Fractions and Average Molecular Weight......Page 73
3.3c Concentration......Page 75
3.3d Parts per Million and Parts per Billion......Page 76
3.4a Fluid Pressure and Hydrostatic Head......Page 77
3.4c Fluid Pressure Measurement......Page 80
3.5 Temperature......Page 84
3.6 Summary......Page 87
Problems......Page 88
Part 2: Material Balances......Page 109
4.0 Learning Objectives......Page 111
4.1 Process Classification......Page 112
4.2a The General Balance Equation......Page 113
4.2b Balances on Continuous Steady-State Processes......Page 114
4.2c Integral Balances on Batch Processes......Page 115
4.2d Integral Balances on Semibatch Processes......Page 116
4.3 Material Balance Calculations......Page 117
4.3a Flowcharts......Page 118
4.3b Flowchart Scaling and Basis of Calculation......Page 122
4.3c Balancing a Process......Page 124
4.3d Degree-of-Freedom Analysis......Page 127
4.3e General Procedure for Single-Unit Process Material Balance Calculations......Page 129
4.3f In Textbooks, Balances Usually Close; In Real Chemical Processes, Not So Much.......Page 135
4.4 Balances on Multiple-Unit Processes......Page 136
4.5 Recycle and Bypass......Page 142
4.6a Stoichiometry......Page 149
4.6b Limiting and Excess Reactants, Fractional Conversion, and Extent of Reaction......Page 151
Creativity Exercise......Page 154
4.6c Chemical Equilibrium......Page 155
4.6d Multiple Reactions, Yield, and Selectivity......Page 157
4.7a Balances on Molecular and Atomic Species......Page 160
4.7b Independent Equations, Independent Species, and Independent Reactions......Page 161
4.7c Molecular Species Balances......Page 163
4.7d Atomic Species Balances......Page 164
4.7e Extent of Reaction......Page 165
4.7f Product Separation and Recycle......Page 170
4.7g Purging......Page 173
Creativity Exercise......Page 180
4.8a Combustion Chemistry......Page 181
4.8b Theoretical and Excess Oxygen and Air......Page 183
4.8c Material Balances on Combustion Reactors......Page 185
4.9 Some Additional Considerations About Chemical Processes......Page 189
4.10 Summary......Page 192
Problems......Page 193
Chapter 5: Single-Phase Systems......Page 236
5.0 Learning Objectives......Page 237
5.1 Liquid and Solid Densities......Page 238
5.2a The Ideal-Gas Equation of State......Page 240
Creativity Exercise......Page 242
5.2b Standard Temperature and Pressure......Page 243
5.2c Ideal-Gas Mixtures......Page 245
5.3a Critical Temperature and Pressure......Page 248
5.3b Virial Equations of State......Page 250
5.3c Cubic Equations of State......Page 252
5.4 The Compressibility-Factor Equation of State......Page 255
5.4a Nonideal-Gas Mixtures......Page 260
Problems......Page 262
Chapter 6: Multiphase Systems......Page 293
Creativity Exercise......Page 294
6.0 Learning Objectives......Page 295
6.1a Phase Diagrams......Page 296
6.1b Estimation of Vapor Pressures......Page 299
6.2 The Gibbs Phase Rule......Page 302
6.3 Gas-Liquid Systems: One Condensable Component......Page 304
Creativity Exercise......Page 309
6.4a Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data......Page 310
6.4b Raoult's Law and Henry's Law......Page 312
6.4c Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Calculations for Solutions That Obey Raoult's Law......Page 314
6.4d Graphical Representations of Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium......Page 317
6.5a Solubility and Saturation......Page 319
6.5b Solid Solubilities and Hydrated Salts......Page 321
6.5c Colligative Solution Properties......Page 324
Creativity Exercise......Page 326
6.6a Miscibility and Distribution Coefficients......Page 327
6.6b Phase Diagrams for Partially Miscible Ternary Systems......Page 328
6.7 Adsorption on Solid Surfaces......Page 331
6.8 Summary......Page 334
Problems......Page 336
Part 3: Energy Balances......Page 373
Chapter 7. Energy and Energy Balances......Page 375
7.0 Learning Objectives......Page 376
7.1 Forms of Energy: the First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 377
7.2 Kinetic and Potential Energy......Page 379
7.3 Energy Balances on Closed Systems......Page 380
7.4a Flow Work and Shaft Work......Page 382
7.4b Specific Properties and Enthalpy......Page 383
7.4c The Steady-State Open-System Energy Balance......Page 384
7.5a Reference States and State Properties......Page 387
7.5b Steam Tables......Page 390
7.6 Energy Balance Procedures......Page 392
7.7 Mechanical Energy Balances......Page 395
7.8 Summary......Page 400
Problems......Page 402
8.0 Learning Objectives......Page 422
8.1 Elements of Energy Balance Calculations......Page 423
8.1a Reference States-A Review......Page 424
8.1b Hypothetical Process Paths......Page 425
8.1c Procedure for Energy Balance Calculations......Page 426
8.2 Changes in Pressure At Constant Temperature......Page 431
8.3a Sensible Heat and Heat Capacities......Page 432
8.3b Heat Capacity Formulas......Page 435
8.3c Estimation of Heat Capacities......Page 438
8.3d Energy Balances on Single-Phase Systems......Page 440
8.4 Phase-Change Operations......Page 444
8.4a Latent Heats......Page 445
8.4b Estimation and Correlation of Latent Heats......Page 448
8.4c Energy Balances on Processes Involving Phase Changes......Page 450
Creativity Exercise......Page 451
8.4d Psychrometric Charts......Page 452
8.4e Adiabatic Cooling......Page 460
8.5 Mixing and Solution......Page 463
8.5a Heats of Solution and Mixing......Page 464
8.5b Balances on Dissolution and Mixing Processes......Page 465
8.5c Enthalpy-Concentration Charts-Single Liquid Phase......Page 467
8.5d Using Enthalpy-Concentration Charts for Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Calculations......Page 471
8.6 Summary......Page 474
Problems......Page 476
Chapter 9: Balances on Reactive Processes......Page 513
9.1 Heats of Reaction......Page 514
9.2 Measurement and Calculation of Heats of Reaction: Hess'S Law......Page 519
9.3 Formation Reactions and Heats of Formation......Page 521
9.4 Heats of Combustion......Page 523
9.5a General Procedures......Page 524
9.5b Processes with Known Heat Inputs: Adiabatic Reactors......Page 531
9.5c Thermochemistry of Solutions8......Page 535
9.6 Fuels and Combustion......Page 539
9.6a Fuels and Their Properties......Page 540
9.6b Adiabatic Flame Temperature......Page 542
9.6c Flammability and Ignition......Page 545
9.6d Flames and Detonations......Page 547
9.7 Summary......Page 549
Problems......Page 551
10.1 The General Balance Equation...Again......Page 590
10.1a Differential Balances......Page 591
10.1b A Brief Look Back at Integral Balances......Page 594
10.2a Total Mass Balances......Page 595
10.2b A Brief Look Back at Calculus......Page 597
10.2c Balances on Single Well-Mixed Process Units......Page 599
10.3 Energy Balances on Single-Phase Nonreactive Processes......Page 602
10.4 Simultaneous Transient Balances......Page 607
10.5 Summary......Page 610
Problems......Page 611
Appendix
A.1 The Method of Least Squares......Page 627
A.2a
Linear and Nonlinear Equations......Page 630
A.2b Graphical Solution......Page 631
A.2c Spreadsheet Solution......Page 632
A.2d Regula-falsi Method......Page 633
A.2e Newton's Rule......Page 634
A.2f Successive Substitution and Modified Successive Substitution......Page 636
A.2g Wegstein Algorithm......Page 637
A.2h Convergence Criteria......Page 638
A.2i Multivariable Root-Finding Algorithms......Page 639
A.3a Quadrature......Page 643
A.3b The Trapezoidal Rule......Page 644
A.3c Simpson's Rule......Page 645
A.3d Numerical Integration of Analytical Functions......Page 646
B.11 Integral Heats of Solution and Mixing at 25°C......Page 647
Answers to Test Yourselves......Page 674
Chapter 4......Page 682
Chapter 6......Page 683
Chapter 8......Page 684
Chapter 10......Page 685
Index......Page 687
End User License Agreement......Page 695