Elementary particles. Subvolume A: Theory and experiments

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
ISBN 978-3540742029......Page 3
Editor, Contributors......Page 4
Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
1 Introduction......Page 15
2.1 Introduction......Page 18
2.2 Overview of the Standard Model......Page 19
2.3 The Formalism of Gauge Theories......Page 22
2.4 Application to QCD......Page 24
2.5 Quantization of a Gauge Theory......Page 25
2.6 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Gauge Theories......Page 26
2.7 Quantization of Spontaneously Broken Gauge Theories: R\'030 Gauges......Page 30
2.8 References for 2......Page 32
3.2 The Gauge Sector......Page 33
3.3 Couplings of Gauge Bosons to Fermions......Page 34
3.4 Gauge Boson Self-interactions......Page 37
3.5 The Higgs Sector......Page 38
3.6 The CKM Matrix......Page 42
3.7 Neutrino Masses......Page 45
3.8 Renormalization of the Electroweak Theory......Page 46
3.9 QED Tests: Lepton Anomalous Magnetic Moments......Page 48
3.10 Large Radiative Corrections to Electroweak Processes......Page 49
3.11 Electroweak Precision Tests in the SM and Beyond......Page 51
3.12 Results of the SM Analysis of Precision Tests......Page 54
3.13 Phenomenology of the SM Higgs......Page 55
3.13.1 Theoretical Bounds on the SM Higgs Mass......Page 57
3.13.2 SM Higgs Decays......Page 58
3.14 Limitations of the Standard Model......Page 60
3.16 References for 3......Page 61
4.1 Introduction......Page 65
4.2 Massless QCD and Scale Invariance......Page 69
4.3 The Renormalisation Group and Asymptotic Freedom......Page 71
4.4 More on the Running Coupling......Page 77
4.5.1 Re+e- and Related Processes......Page 78
4.5.3 Deep Inelastic Scattering......Page 81
4.5.4 Factorisation and the QCD Improved Parton Model......Page 90
4.6.1 s from e+e- colliders......Page 94
4.6.2 s from Deep Inelastic Scattering......Page 96
4.6.3 Summary on s......Page 97
4.9 References for 4......Page 98
5.1.1 Historical perspective......Page 103
5.2 The lattice approach to QCD......Page 104
5.2.1 Euclidean quantization......Page 105
5.2.2 Lattice actions for QCD......Page 107
5.2.3 Functional integral and observables......Page 114
5.2.4 Continuum limit, scale setting and renormalization......Page 117
5.2.5 Limitations and systematic effects......Page 121
5.2.6 Simulations with dynamical quarks......Page 123
5.3 Hadron spectroscopy......Page 125
5.3.1 Light hadron spectrum......Page 126
5.3.2 Glueballs......Page 128
5.4 Confinement and string breaking......Page 130
5.5 Fundamental parameters of QCD......Page 133
5.5.1 Non-perturbative renormalization......Page 134
5.5.2 Finite volume scheme: the Schrödinger functional......Page 136
5.5.3 Regularization-independent momentum subtraction scheme......Page 139
5.5.4 Mean-field improved perturbation theory......Page 141
5.5.5 The running coupling from the lattice......Page 142
5.5.6 Light quark masses......Page 145
5.6 Spontaneous chiral symmetry breaking......Page 148
5.6.1 Chiral Perturbation Theory......Page 149
5.6.2 Lattice calculations of the quark condensate......Page 152
5.7 Hadronic weak matrix elements......Page 157
5.7.1 Weak matrix elements in the kaon sector......Page 158
5.7.2 Weak matrix elements in the heavy quark sector......Page 162
5.10 References for 5......Page 170
6.1 Introduction......Page 177
6.2.1 Introduction......Page 178
6.2.2 Z Lineshape and Forward-Backward Asymmetries......Page 179
6.2.3 Polarised Asymmetries at SLC......Page 181
6.2.4 Tau Polarisation at LEP......Page 185
6.2.5 Heavy Quark Flavours b and c......Page 189
6.2.6 Inclusive Hadronic Charge Asymmetry......Page 199
6.2.7 Z Boson Properties and Effective Couplings......Page 201
6.3.1 W Bosons at Hadron Colliders......Page 206
6.3.2 W Bosons at LEP-II......Page 209
6.4.1 Top Quark Production......Page 215
6.4.2 Mass of the Top Quark......Page 216
6.5.2 Parity Violation in Møller Scattering......Page 219
6.5.3 Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering......Page 220
6.5.4 Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Muon......Page 222
6.6.1 Introduction......Page 223
6.6.3 The Mass of the Top Quark and of the W Boson......Page 224
6.6.4 The Mass of the Higgs Boson......Page 225
6.7.1 Prospects for the Future......Page 229
6.9 References for 6......Page 230
7.1.1 Overview......Page 235
7.1.2 History......Page 239
7.2 Bulk hadron production in A + A collisions......Page 240
7.2.1 Particle multiplicity and transverse energy density......Page 241
7.2.2 Rapidity distributions......Page 244
7.2.3 Dependence on system size......Page 248
7.2.4 Gluon saturation in A + A collisions......Page 251
7.2.5 Transverse phase space: equilibrium and the QGP state......Page 255
7.2.6 Bulk hadron transverse spectra and radial expansion flow......Page 260
7.3 Hadronization and hadronic freeze-out in A + A collisions......Page 264
7.3.1 Hadronic freeze-out from expansion flow......Page 267
7.3.2 Grand canonical strangeness enhancement......Page 269
7.3.3 Origin of hadro-chemical equilibrium......Page 273
7.3.4 Hadronization vs. rapidity and s......Page 275
7.4 Elliptic flow......Page 278
7.5 In-medium attenuation of high pT hadron and jet production......Page 282
7.5.1 High pT inclusive hadron production quenching......Page 283
7.5.2 Energy loss in a QCD medium......Page 287
7.5.3 Di-jet production and attenuation in A + A collisions......Page 290
7.6 Vector meson and direct photon production:penetrating probes......Page 295
7.6.1 Charmonium suppression......Page 296
7.6.2 Direct photons......Page 299
7.6.3 Low mass dilepton spectra: vector mesons in-medium......Page 301
7.7.1 Elliptic flow fluctuation......Page 304
7.7.2 Critical point: fluctuations from diverging susceptibilities......Page 305
7.7.3 Critical fluctuation of the sigma-field, and related pionic observables......Page 307
7.7.4 Bose-Einstein-correlation......Page 309
7.8 Summary......Page 314
7.9 References for 7......Page 317
8.1 Introduction......Page 325
8.2.1 Elementary particles in SUSY models -- algebraic structure......Page 328
8.2.2 Supersymmetric Lagrangians......Page 330
8.2.3 Supersymmetrical particle spectrum in nature?......Page 335
8.2.4 Spontaneous SUSY breaking -- perturbative analysis......Page 336
8.2.5 Dynamics of SUSY gauge theories and SUSY breaking......Page 339
8.2.6 Dynamics of SUSY gauge theories with N>1 SUSY......Page 350
8.2.8 The hierarchy problem......Page 351
8.2.9 Effective theories......Page 352
8.2.10 MSSM Lagrangian......Page 353
8.3.1 Gauge group unification Unification......Page 355
8.3.2 Extra dimensions and unification extradimensions......Page 356
8.4.2 Why change a winning team: Extended constituents are called upon to replace point-like ones......Page 359
8.4.3 New questions......Page 360
8.4.4 The one and only?......Page 361
8.4.5 Successes: Black holes, holography and all that …......Page 364
8.4.6 Magic......Page 365
8.4.7 Human effort and closing remarks......Page 366
8.5 References for 8......Page 367
9.2.1 Observational facts......Page 368
9.2.2 Cosmological principle......Page 369
9.2.3 Friedmann-Lemaître models......Page 370
9.2.4 Evidence for dark energy......Page 373
9.3.1 Basics......Page 374
9.3.2 Scenarios......Page 376
9.3.3 Quantum fluctuations......Page 378
9.3.4 Slow-roll power spectra......Page 380
9.4.1 Before the electroweak transition......Page 382
9.4.2 A sequence of (phase) transitions......Page 383
9.4.3 Primeval nucleosynthesis......Page 386
9.5.1 Evolution of small perturbations......Page 388
9.5.2 CMB anisotropies......Page 390
9.5.4 Large-scale structure......Page 391
9.6.1 Classification of dark matter candidates......Page 393
9.6.3 Neutrinos......Page 394
9.6.4 CDM candidates......Page 395
9.6.5 Neutralinos and other WIMPs......Page 396
9.6.6 Axions......Page 397
9.6.8 Dark energy......Page 398
9.7 Summary and open issues......Page 399
9.8 Acknowledgements......Page 400
9.9 References for 9......Page 401
10.1.1 Matter--antimatter asymmetry in the universe......Page 410
10.1.2 References for 10.1......Page 411
10.2.1.1 Parity P......Page 412
10.2.2.1 Particle--antiparticle conjugation......Page 413
10.2.2.3 Violation of C symmetry, and CP invariance......Page 414
10.2.2.5 Discovery of CP violation......Page 415
10.2.3 Discrete symmetries in quantum mechanics......Page 417
10.2.4 References for 10.2......Page 418
10.3.1 Particle--antiparticle mixing......Page 419
10.3.2 Decays of neutral mesons......Page 420
10.3.3 References for 10.3......Page 425
10.4 Models of CP  Violation......Page 426
10.4.1 References for 10.4......Page 429
10.5.2 Isospin decomposition......Page 430
10.5.3 Interference Between Decay Amplitudes of KL and KS......Page 433
10.5.4 Detection of K0 decays......Page 434
10.5.5 Elucidation of CP Violation in K0 Decays (I): Search for m(\'/)......Page 440
10.5.6 Elucidation of CP Violation in K0 Decays (II): Discovery of Direct CP Violation in e(\'/)......Page 446
10.5.7 References for 10.5......Page 455
10.6.1 Phenomenology of mixing in the neutral B Meson system......Page 457
10.6.2 Detection of B meson decays......Page 459
10.6.3 Belle......Page 460
10.6.4 BABAR......Page 461
10.6.6 Measurements of B0d--B0d mixing......Page 462
10.6.7 Observation of B0s mixing......Page 464
10.6.8 Experiments on CP violation in B0 decays......Page 466
10.6.9 Observation of direct CP violation in B0 decays......Page 470
10.6.10 References for 10.6......Page 472
10.7 Weak quark mixing and the CKM matrix......Page 474
10.7.1 References for 10.7......Page 480
10.8.1 References for 10.8......Page 482
11.1.1 The early history......Page 483
11.1.2 Observation of Supernova 1987A neutrinos......Page 485
11.1.4 The neutrino oscillation......Page 486
11.1.5 The latest developments......Page 487
11.1.6 References for 11.1......Page 488
11.2.1 Standard Solar Model......Page 490
11.2.2 Solar neutrino experiments......Page 491
11.2.3 Matter effect of neutrino oscillations......Page 496
11.2.5 Energy spectrum and day/night difference......Page 497
11.2.6 Oscillation parameters......Page 499
11.2.8 References for 11.2......Page 500
11.3.1 Introduction and early history......Page 502
11.3.2 Atmospheric neutrino flux......Page 503
11.3.3  Neutrino interactions......Page 504
11.3.4 Atmospheric neutrino experiments......Page 505
11.3.5  oscillations......Page 508
11.3.6 Beyond two-flavor oscillations......Page 511
11.3.8 References for 11.3......Page 513
11.4 Accelerator Neutrino Experiments......Page 515
11.4.1 The K2K experiment......Page 516
11.4.2 The NuMI/MINOS experiment......Page 519
11.4.3 The CNGS/OPERA experiment......Page 521
11.4.4 The T2K experiment......Page 522
11.4.5 The NOvA experiment......Page 525
11.4.6 Issues with LSND results......Page 526
11.4.8 References for 11.4......Page 527
11.5 Reactor Neutrinos......Page 529
11.5.2 CHOOZ......Page 530
11.5.3 KamLAND......Page 531
11.5.4 References for 11.5......Page 534
11.6.1 Summary of experimental results......Page 536
11.6.2 Summary of neutrino oscillation parameters......Page 537
11.6.3 Remaining questions and future prospects......Page 539
11.6.4 References for 11.6......Page 545
12.1 Introduction......Page 546
12.2.2 Open Questions Beyond the Standard Model......Page 547
12.2.3 Open Questions in Particle Physics and Cosmology......Page 548
12.3 The Energy Frontier......Page 549
12.3.1 The Large Hadron Collider -- the LHC......Page 550
12.3.2 The International Linear Collider -- the ILC......Page 554
12.3.3 Beyond the Terascale......Page 555
12.4 The Luminosity Frontier......Page 556
12.4.1 Quarkonium Factories......Page 557
12.4.2 High Intensity Neutrino Beams......Page 558
12.4.3 High Intensity Muon Sources......Page 560
12.5 Non-Accelerator Experiments......Page 561
12.6 Particle Astrophysics......Page 562
12.8 References for 12......Page 563