Electrorheological Fluids: The Non-aqueous Suspensions

Cover......Page 1
Table of Contents......Page 11
Preface......Page 8
Colloidal suspensions......Page 18
Particle surface charge in aqueous systems......Page 19
Relationship between surface charge density and Zeta potential......Page 24
Electrorheological suspensions—nonaqueous system......Page 31
References......Page 33
Viscosity of liquids and colloidal suspensions with and without an external electric field......Page 35
Viscosity of pure liquids......Page 36
The ER effect of pure liquids......Page 40
Derived from Eyring's rate theory......Page 44
Derived from Einstein's equation......Page 50
Determine the parameter n......Page 60
Contribution from particle surface charge......Page 68
Electroviscous effect of colloidal suspensions......Page 74
Viscosity equation of the polymer melt......Page 80
Theta condition......Page 84
Good solvent......Page 88
The viscosity equation derived from Einstein's equation......Page 89
The electroviscous effect of polyelectrolytes......Page 93
References......Page 96
Positive ER effect......Page 100
Negative ER effect......Page 109
Photic (Photo-)ER effect......Page 120
Magnetorheological (MR) effect......Page 123
The EMR effect......Page 127
References......Page 129
General feature of ER fluids......Page 131
Preparation of ER fluids......Page 132
Liquid continuous phase......Page 133
Inorganic oxide materials......Page 135
Organic and polymeric materials......Page 136
Liquid material-homogeneous ER fluid......Page 140
Additives......Page 141
Stability of ER suspensions......Page 148
Positive ER materials......Page 153
Aluminosilicates......Page 154
Oxidized polyacrylonitrile......Page 155
Polyanilines and polypyrroles......Page 156
Carbonaceous materials and fullerenes......Page 157
Immiscible with the dispersing phase......Page 159
Miscible with the dispersing phase......Page 160
Design of high performance positive ER fluids......Page 162
Photo-ER materials......Page 163
Electro-magneto-rheological materials......Page 164
The electric field strength......Page 169
Frequency of the electric field......Page 173
Particle size and shape......Page 179
Particle conductivity......Page 186
Particle dielectric property......Page 192
Particle surface property......Page 205
Particle volume fraction......Page 215
Temperature......Page 225
Liquid medium......Page 238
Electrode pattern......Page 244
References......Page 247
Forces relevant to the ER effect......Page 252
Hydrodynamic force......Page 253
Brownian motion......Page 254
Electrostatic force......Page 255
Molecular level......Page 256
Macroscopic level......Page 258
Polymer induced forces......Page 259
Depletion attractive force......Page 260
Adhesion force due to water or surfactant......Page 261
Electric field induced polarization force......Page 263
Relative magnitude of interparticle interaction......Page 264
Scaling analysis using the Mason number for ER fluids......Page 265
Phase transition in colloidal suspensions......Page 267
Phase transition in ER suspensions......Page 269
Percolation theory......Page 274
Percolation transition in ER suspensions......Page 277
Steady shear behavior......Page 286
Strain dependence......Page 298
Frequency dependence......Page 311
Simulation results......Page 320
Transient shear......Page 324
Structure determination using scattering technology......Page 328
Conductivity mechanism......Page 334
Charging Energy Limited Tunneling (CELT)......Page 335
Quasi-One-Dimensional Variable Range Hopping (Quasi-ld-VRH Model)......Page 336
Conductivity under a zero mechanical field......Page 338
Conductivity under an oscillatory mechanical field......Page 342
References......Page 353
Basic dielectric parameters......Page 358
The polarization types and their relaxation times......Page 361
The electronic polarization......Page 362
The ion polarization......Page 363
The electrode polarization......Page 364
The Wagner-Maxwell polarization......Page 368
Relative relaxation times of polarization......Page 371
Temeprature dependence of the relaxation time......Page 375
Single relaxation time......Page 380
Multiple relaxation times......Page 382
Dielectric property of mixture......Page 384
Charging agent......Page 389
Charging mechanisms based on the conductivity data......Page 390
The electrode polarization in non-aqueous systems......Page 401
Inverse micelle size calculated from the dielectric property......Page 404
The Wagner-Maxwell model for dilute suspensions......Page 406
Dilute suspensions of spherical particle with shell......Page 411
The Hanai model for concentrated suspensions......Page 413
Particle shape effect on the dielectric property......Page 415
The Wagner-Maxwell-Sillars equation and its extensions......Page 418
The Looyenga equation......Page 422
Comparison between the mixture equations......Page 423
dc transient current......Page 430
Calculate the space charge amount from the dc transient current decay curve......Page 432
Calculate the dielectric property of the material from the dc transient current......Page 435
References......Page 437
Introduction......Page 441
Dielectric property of the ER suspensions of spherical or quasispherical particles......Page 443
Theoretical treatment on the dielectric criteria for high performance ER suspensions......Page 457
The yield stress equation......Page 466
Particle shape effect on the dielectric properties of ER suspensions and their ER effect......Page 483
The response times of ER suspensions......Page 486
Dielectric properties under a high electric field......Page 487
Summary......Page 488
References......Page 490
Fibrillation model......Page 492
Electric double layer (EDL) model......Page 494
Water/surfactant bridge mechanism......Page 495
Polarization model......Page 496
Conduction model......Page 510
Dielectric loss model......Page 523
References......Page 532
Mechanical force transferring and controlling devices......Page 535
ER composite materials......Page 545
ER inks and pigments......Page 549
Photonic crystals......Page 553
Mechanical polishing......Page 554
ER tactile and optical displays......Page 557
ER application for drug delivery......Page 563
Summary and outlook......Page 566
References......Page 567
INDEX......Page 570