Electronic Signals and Systems: Analysis, Design and Applications (River Publishers Series in Signal, Image and Speech Processing)

Front Cover
Electronic Signals and SystemsAnalysis, Design and Applications International Edition
Contents
Preface
Preface to the International Edition
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Abbreviations
1 Signals
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 CT Signals
		1.2.1 Frequency-CT Sinusoid Signals
		1.2.2 Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
	1.3 Manipulation of CT Signals
		1.3.1 Reflection/Folding/Flipping
		1.3.2 Shifting (Advanced and Delayed)
		1.3.3 Scaling (Time and Magnitude)
		1.3.4 Rule for Reflection, Shifting and Time Scaling
		1.3.5 Use of Step and Ramp Function in Signal Processing
		1.3.6 Even and Odd Signals
	1.4 DT Signals
		1.4.1 Continuous Versus Discrete Signals
		1.4.2 Concept of Frequency – DT Signals
		1.4.3 Time Domain and Frequency Domain
	1.5 AD and DA Conversion
		1.5.1 Processing Steps for AD Conversion
			1.5.1.1 Sample and hold
			1.5.1.2 Quantization
			1.5.1.3 Coding
		1.5.2 Sampling of Analogue Signals
	1.6 The Sampling Theorem
	1.7 Quantization Error
	1.8 Representing DT Signal
		1.8.1 Graphical Representation
		1.8.2 Functional Representation
		1.8.3 Sequence Representation
		1.8.4 Tabular Representation
	1.9 Elementary DT Signals
		1.9.1 Unit Impulse
		1.9.2 Unit Step Signal
		1.9.3 Unit Ramp Signal
		1.9.4 Exponential Signal
		1.9.5 Sinusoidal Signal
	1.10 Simple Manipulations of DT Signal
		1.10.1 Reflection/Folding/Flipping
		1.10.2 Shifting (Advanced and Delayed)
		1.10.3 Scaling (Time and Magnitude)
		1.10.4 Addition and Multiplication
		1.10.5 Even and Odd Signals
	1.11 Energy and Power Signals for CT and DT Signals
	1.12 Problems and Solutions
2 Differential Equations
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Determination of the Transient Response, t
	2.3 Determination of the Steady-State Response, ss
		2.3.1 Zero- or Constant-Driving Function
		2.3.2 Ramp- or Acceleration-Driving Function
		2.3.3 Exponential-Driving Function
		2.3.4 Sinusoidal-Driving Function
	2.4 Problems and Solutions
3 Laplace Transform
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Theorems of Laplace Transform
	3.3 Differential Equations and Transfer Functions
	3.4 Problems and Solutions
4 System Description
	4.1 System
	4.2 Properties of Continuous-time System
		4.2.1 Systems with Memory
		4.2.2 Invertibility
		4.2.3 Causality
		4.2.4 Stability
		4.2.5 Time Invariance
		4.2.6 Linearity
	4.3 Discrete-Time Systems
		4.3.1 System's Representation
	4.4 Symbol Used to Represent DTS
		4.4.1 An Adder
		4.4.2 A Constant Multiplier
		4.4.3 A Signal Multiplier
		4.4.4 Unit Delay Element
		4.4.5 Unit Advanced Element
	4.5 Properties of DTS
		4.5.1 Static Versus Dynamic Systems
		4.5.2 Time Invariant Versus Time-Variant System
		4.5.3 Linear Versus Non-Linear System
			4.5.3.1 Linear system
			4.5.3.2 Non-linear system
		4.5.4 Causal vs Non-Causal System
		4.5.5 Stable Versus Unstable System
	4.6 Systems' Mathematical Model
		4.6.1 Electrical Systems
			4.6.1.1 The resistor R
			4.6.1.2 The inductor L
			4.6.1.3 The capacitor C
		4.6.2 Mechanical Translational Systems
			4.6.2.1 The mass element
			4.6.2.2 The damper element
			4.6.2.3 The spring element
		4.6.3 Mechanical Rotational System
		4.6.4 Electromechanical Systems
			4.6.4.1 DC generator
			4.6.4.2 Servo motor
	4.7 Problems and Solutions
5 Control System Response
	5.1 Convolution
	5.2 Convolution Integral Formula
	5.3 Time Response of First-Order Systems
		5.3.1 System Step Response
		5.3.2 System dc Gain
		5.3.3 System Ramp Response
	5.4 Time Response of Second-Order Systems
	5.5 Time Response Specifications in Design
		5.5.1 Time Response and Pole Locations
	5.6 Frequency Response of Systems
		5.6.1 First-Order Systems
		5.6.2 Second-Order System
		5.6.3 System dc Gain
	5.7 Problems and Solutions
6 Control System's Stability
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Routh–Hurwitz Stability Criterion
		6.2.1 Case I
		6.2.2 Case II
		6.2.3 Case III
	6.3 Problems and Solutions
7 Fourier Series
	7.1 Periodic Function and Fourier Synthesis
	7.2 Constructing a Waveform with Sine Waves
	7.3 Constructing a Waveform with Cosine Waves
	7.4 Constructing a Waveform with Cosine and Sine Waves
	7.5 Constructing a Waveform with Both Sine and Cosine Waves and a DC Component
	7.6 Trigonometric From of the Fourier Series
		7.6.1 Use of Symmetry
		7.6.2 Complex Form of the Fourier Series
	7.7 Discrete Time Fourier Series of Periodic Signals
	7.8 Gibbs' Phenomenon
	7.9 Problems and Solutions
8 Fourier Transform
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Some Properties of the FT
		8.2.1 Linearity
		8.2.2 Time Reversal
		8.2.3 Time Scaling
		8.2.4 Time Transformation
		8.2.5 Duality
		8.2.6 Frequency Shifting
		8.2.7 Time Differentiation
		8.2.8 Frequency Differentiation
		8.2.9 Convolution Property
	8.3 Problems and Solutions
9 Solution of Difference Equations
	9.1 Constant-Coefficient Difference Equation
	9.2 Solution of Difference Equation
		9.2.1 Using Sequential Procedure
		9.2.2 Classical Technique
			9.2.2.1 The homogeneous solution of difference equation
			9.2.2.2 The particular solution of difference equation
			9.2.2.3 Rules for choosing particular solutions
	9.3 Problems and Solutions
10 Z-Transform
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Z-Transform
		10.2.1 Region of Convergence
		10.2.2 Properties of RoC
	10.3 Theorems and Properties of Z-Transform
		10.3.1 Multiplication Property
		10.3.2 Linearity Property
		10.3.3 Time-Shifting Property
		10.3.4 Scaling Property
		10.3.5 Time Reversal Property
		10.3.6 Differentiation Property
		10.3.7 Convolution Property
		10.3.8 Correlation Property
		10.3.9 Initial Value Theorem
		10.3.10 Final Value Theorem
		10.3.11 Time Delay Property (One Sided Z-Transform)
		10.3.12 Time Advance Property
	10.4 Inverse Z-Transform (Residue Method)
		10.4.1 When the Poles are Real and Non-repeated
		10.4.2 When the Poles are Real and Repeated
		10.4.3 When the Poles are Complex
11 Analog Filters Design
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 LP Filters
		11.2.1 First Order RC LPF Circuit
		11.2.2 Second Order StocktickerRLC LPF Circuit
		11.2.3 Second Order RC LPF Circuit
	11.3 High-Pass Filters
	11.4 Band Pass Filters
	11.5 Band Reject Filters
	11.6 Designing Higher-Order Filters
	11.7 Problems Associated with Passive Filters
	11.8 Filters Using Operational Amplifiers
	11.9 Representing Structure of Analogue Computers
	11.10 Step-By-Step Design of Analogue Filters
	11.11 Butterworth Approximation Function
		11.11.1 Step-By-Step Design of Butterworth Filter
		11.11.2 Design Procedure for Butterworth Filter
		11.11.3 Design Procedure when H() is Specified as a Mere Number
		11.11.4 Design Procedure when H() is Specified in Decibels
	11.12 Chebyshev Approximation
	11.13 Butterworth and Chebyshev Filters' Comparison
	11.14 Practice Problems
12 Future Trends
	12.1 Skin Lesion Segmentation from Dermoscopic Images using Convolutional Neural Network
		12.1.1 Introduction
			12.1.1.1 Literature Review
				12.1.1.1.1 Pre-processing techniques
				12.1.1.1.2 Segmentation techniques
		12.1.2 Materials and Methods
			12.1.2.1 Dataset Modalities
			12.1.2.2 Proposed Methodology
				12.1.2.2.1 Image pre-processing
				12.1.2.2.2 Model architecture
				12.1.2.2.3 Network training
		12.1.3 Results
			12.1.3.1 Model Evaluation
		12.1.4 Benchmarks
			12.1.4.1 Comparison with Different Frameworks
			12.1.4.2 Comparison with Top 5 Challenge Participants of Leaderboard
			12.1.4.3 Evaluation of Model on the PH2 Dataset
		12.1.5 Conclusions
		References
	12.2 Photodetector based Indoor Positioning Systems Variants: New Look
		12.2.1 Introduction
		12.2.2 Characteristics of Led-Based IPS
			12.2.2.1 Channel Model
			12.2.2.2 Multiplexing Protocols
			12.2.2.3 Field of View
			12.2.2.4 Noise
			12.2.2.5 Multipath Effect
			12.2.2.6 Error
		12.2.3 LED-Positioning Algorithms
			12.2.3.1 Received Signal Strength
				12.2.3.1.1 Trilateration
				12.2.3.1.2 Fingerprinting
				12.2.3.1.3 Proximity
			12.2.3.2 Time of Arrival/Time Difference of Arrival
				12.2.3.2.1 Trilateration
				12.2.3.2.2 Multilateration
				12.2.3.2.3 Angle of Arrival
			12.2.3.3 Data Smoothing Filters
		12.2.4 Types of Systems
		12.2.5 Analysis Metrics
			12.2.5.1 Accuracy
			12.2.5.2 Complexity
			12.2.5.3 Cost
		12.2.6 Challenges and Future Concerns
		12.2.7 New Look
		12.2.8 Conclusion
		References
References and Bibliography
Index
About the Authors
Back Cover