Electronic Devices: Electron Flow Version

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright Page......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 15
PREFACE......Page 5
1 Introduction to Electronics......Page 19
1–1 The Atom......Page 20
1–2 Materials Used in Electronics......Page 25
1–3 Current in Semiconductors......Page 29
1–4 N-Type and P-Type Semiconductors......Page 32
1–5 The PN Junction......Page 34
GreenTech Application 1: Solar Power......Page 42
2 Diodes and Applications......Page 48
2–1 Diode Operation......Page 49
2–2 Voltage-Current (V-I) Characteristics......Page 54
2–3 Diode Models......Page 57
2–4 Half-Wave Rectifiers......Page 62
2–5 Full-Wave Rectifiers......Page 68
2–6 Power Supply Filters and Regulators......Page 75
2–7 Diode Limiters and Clampers......Page 82
2–8 Voltage Multipliers......Page 89
2–9 The Diode Datasheet......Page 91
2–10 Troubleshooting......Page 94
Application Activity......Page 103
GreenTech Application 2: Solar Power......Page 126
3 Special-Purpose Diodes......Page 130
3–1 The Zener Diode......Page 131
3–2 Zener Diode Applications......Page 138
3–3 The Varactor Diode......Page 146
3–4 Optical Diodes......Page 151
3–5 Other Types of Diodes......Page 165
3–6 Troubleshooting......Page 171
Application Activity......Page 173
GreenTech Application 3: Solar Power......Page 188
4 Bipolar Junction Transistors......Page 191
4–1 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Structure......Page 192
4–2 Basic BJT Operation......Page 193
4–3 BJT Characteristics and Parameters......Page 195
4–4 The BJT as an Amplifier......Page 208
4–5 The BJT as a Switch......Page 210
4–6 The Phototransistor......Page 214
4–7 Transistor Categories and Packaging......Page 217
4–8 Troubleshooting......Page 219
Application Activity......Page 226
GreenTech Application 4: Solar Power......Page 242
5 Transistor Bias Circuits......Page 246
5–1 The DC Operating Point......Page 247
5–2 Voltage-Divider Bias......Page 253
5–3 Other Bias Methods......Page 259
5–4 Troubleshooting......Page 266
Application Activity......Page 270
GreenTech Application 5: Wind Power......Page 285
6 BJT Amplifiers......Page 289
6–1 Amplifier Operation......Page 290
6–2 Transistor AC Models......Page 293
6–3 The Common-Emitter Amplifier......Page 296
6–4 The Common-Collector Amplifier......Page 309
6–5 The Common-Base Amplifier......Page 316
6–6 Multistage Amplifiers......Page 319
6–7 The Differential Amplifier......Page 322
6–8 Troubleshooting......Page 328
Application Activity......Page 332
GreenTech Application 6: Wind Power......Page 353
7 Power Amplifiers......Page 357
7–1 The Class A Power Amplifier......Page 358
7–2 The Class B and Class AB Push-Pull Amplifiers......Page 364
7–3 The Class C Amplifier......Page 375
7–4 Troubleshooting......Page 383
Application Activity......Page 386
8 Field-Effect Transistors (FETs)......Page 402
8–1 The JFET......Page 403
8–2 JFET Characteristics and Parameters......Page 405
8–3 JFET Biasing......Page 415
8–4 The Ohmic Region......Page 426
8–5 The MOSFET......Page 430
8–6 MOSFET Characteristics and Parameters......Page 435
8–7 MOSFET Biasing......Page 438
8–8 The IGBT......Page 441
8–9 Troubleshooting......Page 443
Application Activity......Page 445
9 FET Amplifiers and Switching Circuits......Page 469
9–1 The Common-Source Amplifier......Page 470
9–2 The Common-Drain Amplifier......Page 482
9–3 The Common-Gate Amplifier......Page 485
9–4 The Class D Amplifier......Page 488
9–5 MOSFET Analog Switching......Page 492
9–6 MOSFET Digital Switching......Page 497
9–7 Troubleshooting......Page 500
Application Activity......Page 503
10 Amplifier Frequency Response......Page 523
10–1 Basic Concepts......Page 524
10–2 The Decibel......Page 527
10–3 Low-Frequency Amplifier Response......Page 530
10–4 High-Frequency Amplifier Response......Page 548
10–5 Total Amplifier Frequency Response......Page 558
10–6 Frequency Response of Multistage Amplifiers......Page 561
10–7 Frequency Response Measurements......Page 564
Application Activity......Page 567
11 Thyristors......Page 582
11–1 The Four-Layer Diode......Page 583
11–2 The Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR)......Page 586
11–3 SCR Applications......Page 591
11–4 The Diac and Triac......Page 596
11–5 The Silicon-Controlled Switch (SCS)......Page 600
11–6 The Unijunction Transistor (UJT)......Page 601
11–7 The Programmable Unijunction Transistor (PUT)......Page 606
Application Activity......Page 608
12 The Operational Amplifier......Page 620
12–1 Introduction to Operational Amplifiers......Page 621
12–2 Op-Amp Input Modes and Parameters......Page 623
12–3 Negative Feedback......Page 631
12–4 Op-Amps with Negative Feedback......Page 632
12–5 Effects of Negative Feedback on Op-Amp Impedances......Page 637
12–6 Bias Current and Offset Voltage......Page 642
12–7 Open-Loop Frequency and Phase Responses......Page 645
12–8 Closed-Loop Frequency Response......Page 651
12–9 Troubleshooting......Page 654
Application Activity......Page 656
Programmable Analog Technology......Page 662
13 Basic Op-Amp Circuits......Page 685
13–1 Comparators......Page 686
13–2 Summing Amplifiers......Page 697
13–3 Integrators and Differentiators......Page 705
13–4 Troubleshooting......Page 712
Application Activity......Page 716
Programmable Analog Technology......Page 722
14 Special-Purpose Op-Amp Circuits......Page 736
14–1 Instrumentation Amplifiers......Page 737
14–2 Isolation Amplifiers......Page 743
14–3 Operational Transconductance Amplifiers (OTAs)......Page 748
14–4 Log and Antilog Amplifiers......Page 754
14–5 Converters and Other Op-Amp Circuits......Page 760
Application Activity......Page 762
Programmable Analog Technology......Page 768
15 Active Filters......Page 781
15–1 Basic Filter Responses......Page 782
15–2 Filter Response Characteristics......Page 786
15–3 Active Low-Pass Filters......Page 790
15–4 Active High-Pass Filters......Page 794
15–5 Active Band-Pass Filters......Page 797
15–6 Active Band-Stop Filters......Page 803
15–7 Filter Response Measurements......Page 805
Application Activity......Page 807
Programmable Analog Technology......Page 812
16 Oscillators......Page 824
16–1 The Oscillator......Page 825
16–2 Feedback Oscillators......Page 826
16–3 Oscillators with RC Feedback Circuits......Page 828
16–4 Oscillators with LC Feedback Circuits......Page 835
16–5 Relaxation Oscillators......Page 843
16–6 The 555 Timer as an Oscillator......Page 848
Application Activity......Page 854
Programmable Analog Technology......Page 858
17 Voltage Regulators......Page 869
17–1 Voltage Regulation......Page 870
17–2 Basic Linear Series Regulators......Page 873
17–3 Basic Linear Shunt Regulators......Page 878
17–4 Basic Switching Regulators......Page 881
17–5 Integrated Circuit Voltage Regulators......Page 887
17–6 Integrated Circuit Voltage Regulator Configurations......Page 893
Application Activity......Page 897
18 Basic Programming Concepts for Automated Testing......Page 908
18–1 Programming Basics......Page 909
18–2 Automated Testing Basics......Page 911
18–3 The Simple Sequential Program......Page 916
18–4 Conditional Execution......Page 918
18–5 Program Loops......Page 923
18–6 Branching and Subroutines......Page 931
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems......Page 949
C......Page 962
D......Page 963
H......Page 964
O......Page 965
R......Page 966
T......Page 967
Z......Page 968
B......Page 969
C......Page 970
E......Page 971
I......Page 972
O......Page 973
S......Page 974
V......Page 975
Z......Page 976