Electronic Communications: A Systems Approach

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
1 FUNDAMENTAL COMMUNICATIONS CONCEPTS
	1-1 Introduction
		Communication Systems and Modulation
		The Electromagnetic Spectrum
		Communications Systems
	1-2 The Decibel in Communications Work
		Logarithms
		The Decibel as a Power Ratio
		The Decibel as a Voltage or Current Ratio
		Reference Levels
		Approximating with Decibels
		Stage Gains and Losses
	1-3 Information and Bandwidth
		Understanding Frequency Spectra
		Time- and Frequency-Domain Representations
		The Fast Fourier Transform
	1-4 Noise
		External Noise
		Internal Noise
	1-5 Noise Designation and Calculation
		Signal-to-Noise Ratio
		Noise Figure
		Reactance Noise Effects
		Noise Created by Amplifiers in Cascade
		Equivalent Noise Temperature
		Equivalent Noise Resistance
	1-6 Troubleshooting
		General Troubleshooting Techniques
		Reasons Electronic Circuits Fail
		Troubleshooting Plan
2 AMPLITUDE MODULATION
	2-1 Overview of Amplitude Modulation
	2-2 Double-Sideband AM
		AM Waveforms
		Modulation Index
		Overmodulation
		Amplitude Modulation and Mixing in the Frequency Domain
		Amplitude Modulation in the Time Domain
		Phasor Representation of AM
		Power Distribution in Carrier and Sidebands
		Importance of High-Percentage Modulation
		Summary of Amplitude Modulation
	2-3 Suppressed Carrier and Single-Sideband AM
		Power Measurement
		Advantages of SSB
		Types of Sideband Transmission
3 ANGLE MODULATION
	3-1 Introduction to Angle Modulation
	3-2 Frequency Modulation in the Time Domain
		A Simple FM Generator
		The Concept of Deviation
		Time-Domain Representation
		The Two Major Concepts
	3-3 FM in the Frequency Domain
		Bandwidth Determination: Bessel Function Solutions
		FM Spectrum Analysis
		Power Distribution
		Carson’s Rule Approximation
		Zero-Carrier Amplitude
		Wideband and Narrowband FM
		Percentage of Modulation and Deviation Ratio
	3-4 Phase Modulation
	3-5 Noise Suppression
		FM Noise Analysis
		Capture Effect
		Preemphasis
4 COMMUNICATIONS CIRCUITS
	4-1 Amplifiers
		Classes of Amplification
	4-2 Oscillators
		LC Oscillator
		Hartley Oscillator
		Colpitts Oscillator
		Clapp Oscillator
		Crystal Oscillator
	4-3 Frequency-Selective Circuits
		Reactance
		Practical Inductors and Capacitors
		Resonance
		LC Bandpass Filter
		Parallel LC Circuits
		Types of LC Filters
		High-Frequency Effects
		Crystal Filters
		Ceramic Filters
		Mechanical Filters
		SAW Filters
	4-4 Mixing and Multiplication Circuits
		Balanced Modulator
		LIC Balanced Modulator
		Product Detector
	4-5 The Phase-Locked Loop and Frequency Synthesis
		Varactor Diodes
		PLL Capture and Lock
		Frequency Synthesis
		Programmable Division
		Two-Modulus Dividers
		Direct Digital Synthesis
5 TRANSMITTERS
	5-1 AM Transmitter Systems
		Modulator Circuits
		Neutralization
		High- and Low-Level Modulation
		Transistor High-Level Modulator
	5-2 AM Transmitter Measurements
		Trapezoid Patterns
		Meter Measurement
		Spectrum Analyzers
		Harmonic Distortion Measurements
		Special RF Signal Measurement Precautions
		Measuring Transmitter Output Power
	5-3 SSB Transmitters
		Filter Method
		Phase Method
	5-4 FM Transmitters
		Direct FM Generation
		Indirect FM Generation
	5-5 Stereo FM
		Modulating Signal
		Frequency-Domain Representation
6 RECEIVERS
	6-1 Receiver Characteristics: Sensitivity and Selectivity
	6-2 The Tuned Radio-Frequency Receiver
		TRF Selectivity
	6-3 Superheterodyne Receivers
		Frequency Conversion
		Tuned-Circuit Adjustment
		Image Frequency
		Double Conversion
		Up-Conversion
		A Complete AM Receiver
		SSB Receivers
		FM Receivers
		Discrete Component FM Receiver
	6-4 Direct Conversion Receivers
	6-5 Demodulation and Detectors
		AM Diode Detector
		Detection of Suppressed-Carrier Signals
		Demodulation of FM and PM
	6-6 Stereo Demodulation
		SCA Decoder
	6-7 Receiver Noise, Sensitivity, and Dynamic Range Relationships
		Noise and Receiver Sensitivity
		Dynamic Range
		Intermodulation Distortion Testing
	6-8 Automatic Gain Control and Squelch
		Obtaining the AGC Level
		Controlling the Gain of a Transistor
		Delayed AGC
		Auxiliary AGC
		Variable Sensitivity
		Variable Selectivity
		Noise Limiter
		Metering
		Squelch
7 DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS TECHNIQUES
	7-1 Introduction to Digital Communications
	7-2 Pulse Modulation and Multiplexing
		Pulse-Amplitude Modulation
		Pulse-Width Modulation
		Pulse-Position Modulation
		Demodulation
	7-3 Sample Rate and Nyquist Frequency
	7-4 Pulse-Code Modulation
		The Sample-and-Hold Circuit
		Natural and Flat-Top Sampling
		Quantization
		Dynamic Range and Signal-to-Noise Calculations
		Companding
		Idle Channel Noise
		Amplitude Companding
		Coding and Analog-to-Digital Conversion
		Digital-to-Analog Converters
	7-5 Coding Principles
	7-6 Code Error Detection and Correction
		Parity
		Block Check Character
		Cyclic Redundancy Check
		CRC Code-Dividing Circuit
		Hamming Code
		Reed–Solomon Codes
	7-7 Digital Signal Processing
		DSP Filtering
8 DIGITAL MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
	8-1 Digital Modulation Techniques
		Amplitude-Shift Keying
		Frequency-Shift Keying
		Phase-Shift Keying
		Synchronization and Carrier Reinsertion
		Differential Phase-Shift Keying
		Minimum Shift Keying
	8-2 Bandwidth Considerations of Modulated Signals
	8-3 M-Ary Modulation Techniques
		M-Ary PSK
		Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
		Offset Modulation
	8-4 Spectral Efficiency, Noise Performance, and Filtering
		Spectral Efficiency
		Noise Performance
		Filtering
	8-5 The Complex Exponential and Analytic Signals
		Complex Numbers
		Analytic Frequency
		DSP Modulation and Demodulation
	8-6 Wideband Modulation
		Spread-Spectrum Techniques
		Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
9 TELEPHONE NETWORKS
	9-1 Introduction
	9-2 Basic Telephone Operation
		Telephone Systems
		Line Quality Considerations
		Attenuation Distortion
		Delay Distortion
		Telephone Traffic
		The Unit of Traffic
		Congestion
		Traffic Observation and Measurement
	9-3 Digital Wired Networks
		Communication Links and Protocols
		Line Codes
	9-4 The T-Carrier System and Multiplexing
		Time-Division Multiplexing
	9-5 Packet-Switched Networks
		Frame Relay
		Asynchronous Transfer Mode
	9-6 Signaling System 7
		Troubleshooting SS7 Networks
	9-7 Troubleshooting
		The Digital Waveform
		Effects of Noise on the Pulse
		Effects of Impedance on the Pulse
		Effects of Frequency on the Pulse
		Eye Patterns
10 WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS
	10-1 Wireless Computer Networks
		Wireless Local-Area Networks
		WiMAX
		Bluetooth
		ZigBee
		Radio-Frequency Identification
	10-2 Cellular Phone Voice Systems
		The Cellular Concept
		Frequency Reuse
		Cell Splitting
		Rayleigh Fading
		Cellular Frequency Bands
		Global System for Mobile Communications
		Code-Division Multiple Access
		Troubleshooting and Interference Considerations
	10-3 Mobile and Cellular Data Networks
		Third-Generation Systems
		Fourth-Generation Systems
		Wireless Application Protocol
	10-4 Wireless Security
	10-5 Two-Way and Trunked Radio Systems
	10-6 Software-Defined Radio
11 COMPUTER COMMUNICATION AND THE INTERNET
	11-1 Alphanumeric Codes
		The ASCII Code
		The EBCDIC Code
		The Baudot Code
		The Gray Code
	11-2 Computer Communication
		Universal Serial Bus
		IEEE 1394
		RS-232 Standard
		RS-232 Line Descriptions
		RS-422, RS-485
	11-3 Local-Area Networks
		Ethernet LAN
	11-4 Assembling a LAN
		The Office LAN Example
		Assembling a Building LAN
	11-5 LAN Interconnection
		Interconnecting LANs
	11-6 Internet
		Internet Protocol Addressing
	11-7 IP Telephony
	11-8 Interfacing the Networks
		Modem Technologies
		Cable Modems
		Integrated Services Digital Network
		xDSL Modems
	11-9 Troubleshooting
		Troubleshooting a LAN
12 TRANSMISSION LINES
	12-1 Introduction
	12-2 Types of Transmission Lines
		Two-Wire Open Line
		Twisted Pair
		Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
		Shielded Pair
		Coaxial Lines
		Balanced/Unbalanced Lines
	12-3 Electrical Characteristics of Transmission Lines
		Two-Wire Transmission Line
		Characteristic Impedance
		Transmission Line Losses
	12-4 Propagation of DC Voltage Down a Line
		Physical Explanation of Propagation
		Velocity of Propagation
		Delay Line
		Wavelength
	12-5 Nonresonant Line
		Traveling DC Waves
		Traveling AC Waves
	12-6 Resonant Transmission Line
		DC Applied to an Open-Circuited Line
		Incident and Reflected Waves
		DC Applied to a Short-Circuited Line
		Standing Waves: Open Line
		Standing Waves: Shorted Line
		Quarter-Wavelength Sections
	12-7 Standing Wave Ratio
		Effect of Mismatch
		Quarter-Wavelength Transformer
		Electrical Length
	12-8 The Smith Chart
		Transmission Line Impedance
		Smith Chart Introduction
		Using the Smith Chart
		Corrections for Transmission Loss
		Matching Using the Smith Chart
		Stub Tuners
	12-9 Transmission Line Applications
		Discrete Circuit Simulation
		Baluns
		Transmission Lines as Filters
		Slotted Lines
		Time-Domain Reflectometry
	12-10 Impedance Matching and Network Analysis
		Vector Network Analysis and S Parameters
13 WAVE PROPAGATION
	13-1 Electrical to Electromagnetic Conversion
	13-2 Electromagnetic Waves
		Wavefronts
		Characteristic Impedance of Free Space
	13-3 Waves Not in Free Space
		Reflection
		Refraction
		Diffraction
	13-4 Ground- and Space-Wave Propagation
		Ground-Wave Propagation
		Space-Wave Propagation
	13-5 Sky-Wave Propagation
		Ionospheric Layers
		Effects of the Ionosphere on the Sky Wave
		Tropospheric Scatter
	13-6 Satellite Communications
		Orbital Patterns
		Azimuth and Elevation Calculations
		Global Positioning System
		Multiplexing Techniques
		Earth Station Distance to and from the Satellites
		VSAT and MSAT Systems
		Satellite Radio
	13-7 Figure of Merit and Satellite Link Budget Analysis
		Figure of Merit
		Satellite Link Budget Calculation
14 ANTENNAS
	14-1 Basic Antenna Theory
	14-2 Half-Wave Dipole Antenna
		Development of the Half-Wave Dipole Antenna
		Half-Wave Dipole Antenna Impedance
		Radiation and Induction Field
		Resonance
		Radiation Patterns
		Antenna Gain
		Polar Plots
	14-3 Radiation Resistance
		Effects of Antenna Length
		Ground Effects
		Electrical versus Physical Length
		Effects of Nonideal Length
	14-4 Antenna Feed Lines
		Resonant Feed Line
		Nonresonant Feed Line
		Delta Match
		Quarter-Wave Matching
	14-5 Monopole Antenna
		Effects of Ground Reflection
		The Counterpoise
		Radiation Pattern
		Loaded Antennas
	14-6 Antenna Arrays
		Half-Wave Dipole Antenna with Parasitic Element
		Yagi–Uda Antenna
		Driven Collinear Array
		Broadside Array
		Vertical Array
	14-7 Special-Purpose Antennas
		Log-Periodic Antenna
		Small-Loop Antenna
		Ferrite Loop Antenna
		Folded Dipole Antenna
		Slot Antenna
	14-8 Microwave Antennas
		Horn Antenna
		The Parabolic Reflector Antenna
		Lens Antenna
		Patch Antenna
	14-9 Microwave System Link Budget and Path-Loss Calculations
15 WAVEGUIDES AND RADAR
	15-1 Comparison of Transmission Systems
	15-2 Types of Waveguides
		Waveguide Operation
		Dominant Mode of Operation
	15-3 Physical Picture of Waveguide Propagation
	15-4 Other Types of Waveguides
		Circular
		Ridged
		Flexible
	15-5 Other Waveguide Considerations
		Waveguide Attenuation
		Bends and Twists
		Tees
		Tuners
	15-6 Termination and Attenuation
		Variable Attenuators
	15-7 Directional Coupler
	15-8 Coupling Waveguide Energy and Cavity Resonators
		Cavity Resonators
		Cavity Tuning
	15-9 Radar
		Radar Waveform and Range Determination
		Radar System Parameters
		Basic Radar Block Diagram
		Doppler Effect
	15-10 Microintegrated Circuit Waveguiding
		Microstrip Circuit Equivalents
		Dielectric Waveguide
	15-11 Troubleshooting
		Some Common Problems
		Test Equipment
16 FIBER OPTICS
	16-1 Introduction
	16-2 The Nature of Light
		Construction of the Fiber Strand
	16-3 Optical Fibers
		Multimode Step-Index Fiber
		Multimode Graded-Index Fiber
		Single-Mode Fibers
		Fiber Classification
		Plastic Optical Fiber
	16-4 Fiber Attenuation and Dispersion
		Attenuation
		Dispersion
		Dispersion Compensation
	16-5 Optical Components
		Modulating the Light Source
		Intermediate Components
		Detectors
	16-6 Fiber Connections and Splices
		Fiber Connectorization
	16-7 System Design and Operational Issues
	16-8 Cabling and Construction
		Exterior (Outdoor) Installations
		Interior (Indoor) Installations
		Testing the Fiber Installation
	16-9 Optical Networking
		Defining Optical Networking
		Air Fiber
		Fiber Distributed Data Interface
	16-10 Safety
	16-11 Troubleshooting
		System Testing
		General Guidelines
		Losses in an Optical-Fiber System
		Calculating Power Requirements
		Connector and Cable Problems
		Characteristics of Light-Emitting Diodes and Diode Lasers
		A Simple Test Tool
APPENDIX A: FCC General Radiotelephone Operator License (GROL) Requirements
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
GLOSSARY
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INDEX
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