Electronic Circuit Design and Application

Preface to the First Edition
____Text Philosophy
____Text Features
____Text Overview
____Closing Remarks
Preface to the Second Edition
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Authors
Chapter 1: Semiconductor Diode
____1.1 Theory of Semiconductors
________1.1.1 Energy Levels
________1.1.2 Intrinsic (Pure) Semiconductor
________1.1.3 Extrinsic (Impure) Semiconductor
____________1.1.3.1 n-Type Material
____________1.1.3.2 p-Type Material
____1.2 Current Flow in Semiconductor Diodes
________1.2.1 Zero Bias
________1.2.2 Reverse-Biased Diode
________1.2.3 Forward-Biased Diode
____1.3 General Characteristic of a Diode
________1.3.1 Breakdown Region
________1.3.2 Diode Specifications
____1.4 Diode Types
________1.4.1 Zener Diodes
________1.4.2 Signal Diodes
________1.4.3 Power Diodes
________1.4.4 Varactor Diodes
________1.4.5 Light-Emitting Diodes
________1.4.6 Photodiodes
________1.4.7 PIN Diodes
________1.4.8 Schottky Diodes
____1.5 Diode Circuits
________1.5.1 DC Circuits
________1.5.2 Clippers
________1.5.3 Clampers
________1.5.4 Half-Wave Rectifier
________1.5.5 Full-Wave Rectifier
________1.5.6 Bridge Rectifier
________1.5.7 Zener Diode Regulators
____________1.5.7.1 Fixed Supply Voltage and Variable Load
____________1.5.7.2 Variable Supply Voltage and Fixed Load
____________1.5.7.3 Variable Supply Voltage and Load
____1.6 Applications
________1.6.1 1.3V Supply from 5V
________1.6.2 9V Supply from 12V
________1.6.3 Battery Charger
________1.6.4 Polarity Indicator
________1.6.5 Light Meter
________1.6.6 Blown Fuse Indicator
________1.6.7 Diode Tester
________1.6.8 Emergency Phone-Line Light
________1.6.9 Phone Alert
________1.6.10 Lead-Acid Battery Monitor
________1.6.11 Zener Diode Regulator Using a Voltage Doubler
________1.6.12 Regulated Supply Using the TL431A
________1.6.13 Research Project 1
________1.6.14 Research Project 2
____Bibliography
Chapter 2: Bipolar Junction Transistor
____2.1 Transistor Construction and Operation
____2.2 Transistor Configurations
________2.2.1 Common Emitter Configuration
____________2.2.1.1 Common Emitter Input Characteristic
____________2.2.1.2 Common Emitter Transfer Characteristic
____________2.2.1.3 Common Emitter Mutual Characteristic
____________2.2.1.4 Common Emitter Output Characteristics
________2.2.2 Common Base Configuration
____________2.2.2.1 Common Base Input Characteristics
____________2.2.2.2 Common Base Transfer Characteristic
____________2.2.2.3 Common Base Mutual Characteristic
____________2.2.2.4 Common Base Output Characteristics
________2.2.3 Common Collector Configuration
____________2.2.3.1 Common Collector Transfer Characteristic
____________2.2.3.2 Common Collector Output Characteristics
____2.3 Common Emitter Amplifier
________2.3.1 Transistor Amplifying Action
________2.3.2 Fixed Biasing
________2.3.3 Amplification
________2.3.4 Circuit Analysis
____2.4 Alternative Biasing Methods
________2.4.1 Voltage Divider Biasing
________2.4.2 Current Feedback Biasing
________2.4.3 Biasing Using a Bipolar Supply
____2.5 Common Base Amplifier
________2.5.1 Voltage Divider Biasing
________2.5.2 Constant Current or Fixed Bias
________2.5.3 Biasing Using a Bipolar Supply
____2.6 Common Collector Amplifier
________2.6.1 Voltage Divider Biasing
________2.6.2 Constant Current or Fixed Biasing
________2.6.3 Biasing Using a Bipolar Supply
____2.7 Transistor Operating Limits and Specifications
____2.8 Applications
________2.8.1 Microphone Preamplifier 1
________2.8.2 Microphone Preamplifier 2
________2.8.3 Speaker Protection Circuit
________2.8.4 Bench Power Supply
________2.8.5 Electronic Fuse
________2.8.6 Blown Fuse Indicator
________2.8.7 Telephone Monitor
________2.8.8 Audio Mixer
________2.8.9 Power Zener Diode
________2.8.10 Adjustable Zener Diode
________2.8.11 Diode Tester
________2.8.12 Dry Soil Indicator
________2.8.13 Lie Detector
________2.8.14 Research Project 1
________2.8.15 Research Project 2
____Bibliography
Chapter 3: Field-Effect Transistor
____3.1 Operation of JFET
____3.2 JFET Characteristics
____3.3 JFET Parameters
____3.4 Using the JFET as an Amplifier
________3.4.1 Common Source Configuration
____________3.4.1.1 Fixed-Bias Configuration
____________3.4.1.2 Self-Bias
____________3.4.1.3 Voltage Divider Biasing
____________3.4.1.4 Biasing Using Bipolar Supply
________3.4.2 Common Drain Configuration
____________3.4.2.1 Biasing Using Bipolar Supply
________3.4.3 Common Gate Configuration
____________3.4.3.1 Biasing Using Bipolar Supply
____3.5 MOSFET
________3.5.1 Depletion-Type MOSFET
________3.5.2 Enhancement-Type MOSFET
________3.5.3 MOSFET Parameters
____3.6 MOSFET Amplifiers
________3.6.1 Depletion-Type MOSFET Common Source Amplifier
________3.6.2 Depletion-Type MOSFET Common Drain Amplifier
________3.6.3 Depletion-Type MOSFET Common Gate Amplifier
________3.6.4 Enhancement-Type MOSFET Common Source Amplifier
________3.6.5 Enhancement-Type MOSFET Common Drain Amplifier
________3.6.6 Enhancement-Type MOSFET Common Gate Amplifier
____3.7 Applications
________3.7.1 Headphone Amplifier
________3.7.2 JFET Preamplifier
________3.7.3 Crystal Microphone Lead Extender
________3.7.4 JFET DC Voltmeter
________3.7.5 JFET AC Voltmeter
________3.7.6 MOSFET Amplifier
________3.7.7 DC Motor Speed Controller
________3.7.8 Light Dimmer
________3.7.9 Adjustable Timer
________3.7.10 Research Project 1
________3.7.11 Research Project 2
________3.7.12 Research Project 3
____Bibliography
Chapter 4: BJT and FET Models
____4.1 h-Parameters and the BJT
____4.2 Analysis of a Common Emitter Amplifier Using h-Parameters
________4.2.1 Common Emitter Amplifier with Partial Decoupling
____________4.2.1.1 Bootstrapping
____________4.2.1.2 Alternative Amplifier Configuration
________4.2.2 Common Emitter Amplifier with Collector-Base Feedback Bias
____4.3 Analysis of the Common Collector Amplifier Using h-Parameters
________4.3.1 Bootstrapping
____4.4 Analysis of the CB Amplifier Using h-Parameters
____4.5 y-Parameters and the FET
____4.6 Analysis of the Common-Source JFET Amplifier
____4.7 Analysis of the Common-Drain JFET Amplifier
____4.8 Analysis of the Common-Gate JFET Amplifier
____4.9 Depletion MOSFET Common-Source Amplifier
____4.10 Depletion MOSFET Common-Drain Amplifier
____4.11 Depletion MOSFET Common-Gate Amplifier
____4.12 Enhancement MOSFET Common-Source Amplifier
____4.13 Enhancement MOSFET Common-Drain Amplifier
____4.14 Enhancement MOSFET Common-Gate Amplifier
____4.15 Applications
________4.15.1 Linear AC Voltmeter
________4.15.2 Audio Mixer
________4.15.3 Bootstrapped Source Follower Using a JFET
________4.15.4 Bootstrapped Source Follower Using a MOSFET
________4.15.5 Research Project 1
________4.15.6 Research Project 2
____Bibliography
Chapter 5: Multiple Transistor and Special Circuits
____5.1 Cascaded Amplifiers
________5.1.1 Direct Coupled High-Gain Configurations
____________5.1.1.1 Bootstrapping
____5.2 Darlington Pair
________5.2.1 Darlington Pair in Common Collector Configuration
____5.3 Feedback Pair
________5.3.1 Feedback Pair in Emitter Follower Configuration
____5.4 Current Sources
________5.4.1 BJT Current Source 1
________5.4.2 BJT Current Source 2
________5.4.3 BJT Current Source 3
________5.4.4 JFET Current Source 1
________5.4.5 JFET Current Source 2
____5.5 Current Mirror
____5.6 VBE Multiplier
____5.7 Cascode Amplifier
____5.8 Improved Emitter Follower
____5.9 Differential Amplifier
____5.10 BJT Switch
________5.10.1 BJT Device Switching
________5.10.2 BJT Switching Applications
____5.11 FET Switch
________5.11.1 JFET Switch
________5.11.2 MOSFET Switch
____5.12 Voltage-Controlled Resistor
____5.13 Applications
________5.13.1 Microphone Preamplifier 1
________5.13.2 Microphone Preamplifier 2
________5.13.3 Logic Probe
________5.13.4 Telephone Use Indicator
________5.13.5 FET Cascode Amplifier
________5.13.6 BJT Cascode Amplifier
________5.13.7 Touch-Sensitive Indicator
________5.13.8 Electromagnetic Field Detector
________5.13.9 Nickel-Cadmium Battery Charger
________5.13.10 Audio Level Meter
________5.13.11 Speaker to Microphone Converter
________5.13.12 Sound to Light Converter
________5.13.13 Low Drift DC Voltmeter
________5.13.14 AC Millivoltmeter
________5.13.15 High-Power Zener Diode
________5.13.16 Improved Audio Mixer
________5.13.17 Research Project 1
________5.13.18 Research Project 2
____Bibliography
Chapter 6: Frequency Response of Transistor Amplifiers
____6.1 BJT Low-Frequency Response
________6.1.1 Input Coupling Capacitor
________6.1.2 Output Coupling Capacitor
________6.1.3 Emitter Bypass Capacitor
____6.2 FET Low-Frequency Response
____6.3 Hybrid-Pi Equivalent Circuit
________6.3.1 Single Pole Transfer Function
____6.4 Miller Effect
____6.5 Common Emitter Amplifier
____6.6 Common Emitter Amplifier with Local Series Feedback
____6.7 Common Emitter Amplifier with Local Shunt Feedback
____6.8 High-Frequency Response of the Cascode Amplifier
____6.9 High-Frequency Response of the Common Base Amplifier
____6.10 High-Frequency Response of the Common Collector Amplifier
____6.11 High-Frequency Response of a Common Source FET Amplifier
____6.12 High-Frequency Response of a Common Gate FET Amplifier
____6.13 High-Frequency Response of a Common Drain FET Amplifier
____6.14 High-Frequency Response of Multistage Amplifiers
____6.15 Applications
________6.15.1 Direct Coupled Ring-of-Three
________6.15.2 Common Emitter Amplifier with Local Series Feedback
________6.15.3 Common Emitter Amplifier with Local Shunt Feedback
________6.15.4 Cascode Amplifier Using BJTs
________6.15.5 Cascode Amplifier Using BJT and JFET
____Bibliography
Chapter 7: Feedback Amplifiers
____7.1 Classification of Amplifiers
________7.1.1 Voltage Amplifier
________7.1.2 Current Amplifier
________7.1.3 Transconductance Amplifier
________7.1.4 Trans-resistance Amplifier
____7.2 Feedback Amplifier Topologies
________7.2.1 Voltage-Series Feedback
________7.2.2 Voltage-Shunt Feedback
________7.2.3 Current-Series Feedback
________7.2.4 Current-Shunt Feedback
____7.3 Transfer Gain with Feedback
____7.4 Gain Stabilization Using Negative Feedback
____7.5 Increase in Bandwidth Using Negative Feedback
____7.6 Feedback and Harmonic Distortion
____7.7 Input Resistance
________7.7.1 Voltage-Series Feedback
________7.7.2 Voltage-Shunt Feedback
________7.7.3 Current-Series Feedback
________7.7.4 Current-Shunt Feedback
____7.8 Output Resistance
________7.8.1 Voltage-Series Feedback
________7.8.2 Voltage-Shunt Feedback
________7.8.3 Current-Series Feedback
________7.8.4 Current-Shunt Feedback
____7.9 Analysis of Feedback Amplifiers
________7.9.1 Voltage-Series Feedback
________7.9.2 Current-Shunt Feedback
________7.9.3 Current-Series Feedback
________7.9.4 Voltage-Shunt Feedback
____7.10 Voltage Amplifiers
____7.11 Transistor Feedback Amplifier
________7.11.1 Differential Amplifier
________7.11.2 Common Emitter Amplifier
________7.11.3 Emitter Follower
____7.12 Stability and Compensation
________7.12.1 Compensating Feedback Amplifiers
________7.12.2 Dominant Pole Compensation
________7.12.3 Miller Compensation
________7.12.4 Lead Compensation
____7.13 Three-Transistor Feedback Amplifier
____7.14 Applications
________7.14.1 Three-Transistor Preamplifier
________7.14.2 DC Voltmeter Using Differential Amplifier
________7.14.3 RIAA Preamplifier
________7.14.4 JFET-BJT Preamplifier
________7.14.5 AC Millivoltmeter
________7.14.6 Video Amplifier
________7.14.7 Research Project 1
________7.14.8 Research Project 2
________7.14.9 Research Project 3
________7.14.10 Research Project 4
____Bibliography
Chapter 8: Operational Amplifiers
____8.1 Introduction
____8.2 The Inverting Amplifier
________8.2.1 Inverting AC Amplifier
____8.3 The Non-inverting Amplifier
________8.3.1 Non-inverting AC Amplifier
____8.4 Voltage Follower
____8.5 Summing Amplifier
____8.6 The Differential Amplifier
____8.7 Integrator
____8.8 Differentiator
____8.9 Transimpedance Amplifier
____8.10 Transconductance Amplifier
____8.11 The Instrumentation Amplifier
____8.12 A Realistic Operational Amplifier
________8.12.1 Single Supply Operation
____8.13 Frequency Effects
________8.13.1 Inverting Configuration
____8.14 Non-ideal Effects
________8.14.1 Offset Voltage and Currents
________8.14.2 CMRR and PSRR
________8.14.3 CMRR of the Instrumentation Amplifier
________8.14.4 Slew Rate
____8.15 The Current Feedback Amplifier
________8.15.1 Inverting Amplifier
________8.15.2 Non-inverting Amplifier
________8.15.3 Mixer
________8.15.4 Differential Amplifier
________8.15.5 Integrator
________8.15.6 Further Bandwidth Considerations
____8.16 Applications
________8.16.1 DC Non-inverting Amplifier
________8.16.2 AC Non-inverting Amplifier
________8.16.3 Bootstrapped AC Amplifier
________8.16.4 DC Voltage Follower
________8.16.5 Inverting Amplifier
________8.16.6 Modified Inverting Amplifier
________8.16.7 AC Inverting Amplifier
________8.16.8 Differential Amplifier
________8.16.9 DC Voltmeter
________8.16.10 High-Impedance DC Voltmeter
________8.16.11 Stable Voltage Reference
________8.16.12 Linear Scale Ohmmeter
________8.16.13 AC Voltmeter
________8.16.14 High-Impedance AC Voltmeter
________8.16.15 Howland Current Pump
________8.16.16 Alternative Current Pump
________8.16.17 AC/DC Universal Voltmeter
________8.16.18 Op-Amp with Transformer-Coupled Output
________8.16.19 Op-Amp Transistor Gain Tester
________8.16.20 Research Project 1
________8.16.21 Research Project 2
________8.16.22 Research Project 3
________8.16.23 Research Project 4
________8.16.24 Research Project 5
________8.16.25 Research Project 6
____Bibliography
Chapter 9: Power Amplifiers
____9.1 Amplifier Classes
____9.2 Fixed-Bias Class A Amplifier
________9.2.1 Efficiency Calculations
____9.3 Transformer-Coupled Class A Amplifier
____9.4 Class B Push-Pull Amplifier
____9.5 Low-Power Amplifier Design
________9.5.1 Power Supply
____9.6 Medium-Power Amplifier Design
____9.7 High-Power Amplifier Design
________9.7.1 Input Stage
________9.7.2 Intermediate Stage
________9.7.3 Output Stage
________9.7.4 Compensation Capacitor
____9.8 High-Power MOSFET Amplifier
____9.9 IC Power Amplifiers
________9.9.1 Low-Power IC Amplifier: LM386
________9.9.2 USB-Powered Amplifier: LM4871
________9.9.3 Medium-Power IC Amplifier: LM3886
________9.9.4 High-Power IC Amplifier Driver: LME49811
____9.10 Amplifier Accessories
________9.10.1 Heatsink Design
____9.11 Applications
________9.11.1 1.5 W Low-Power Amplifier
________9.11.2 50 W MOSFET Amplifier Using Bootstrapping
________9.11.3 Amplifier Clipping Indicator
________9.11.4 Unity-Gain Buffer
________9.11.5 Power Operational Amplifiers
________9.11.6 75 W Power Amplifier Using Feedback Pairs
________9.11.7 Research Project 1
________9.11.8 Research Project 2
________9.11.9 Research Project 3
________9.11.10 Research Project 4
________9.11.11 Research Project 5
____Bibliography
Chapter 10: Power Supplies
____10.1 Basic System
____10.2 Rectification
____10.3 Filtering
____10.4 Average DC Output Voltage
____10.5 Bipolar Unregulated Power Supplies
________10.5.1 Power Supplies for Class B Power Amplifiers
____10.6 Voltage Multipliers
____10.7 Voltage Regulators
________10.7.1 Ripple and Regulation
________10.7.2 Zener Diode Regulator
________10.7.3 Simple Series Transistor Regulator
________10.7.4 Series Feedback Voltage Regulators
____________10.7.4.1 Voltage Regulator Using Discrete Transistors
____________10.7.4.2 Op-Amp Series Regulator
____________10.7.4.3 Variable Output Voltage
________10.7.5 Protection Circuits
________10.7.6 IC Voltage Regulators
____________10.7.6.1 Three-Terminal Voltage Regulator
____________10.7.6.2 Fixed Positive Voltage Regulators
____________10.7.6.3 Fixed Negative Voltage Regulators
____________10.7.6.4 Adjustable Voltage Regulators
________10.7.7 Simple Approach to Regulated Power Supplies
____10.8 Applications
________10.8.1 Variable Voltage Regulated Supply
________10.8.2 Variable Power Supply with Zener Stabilization
________10.8.3 Discrete Voltage Regulator
________10.8.4 Bipolar Zener
________10.8.5 Simple Feedback Power Supply
________10.8.6 High-Current Variable Power Supply Using OPA549 Power Op-Amp
________10.8.7 Dual Tracking Power Supply
________10.8.8 Precision Voltage Divider
________10.8.9 Bipolar Adjustable Regulated Power Supply
________10.8.10 Variable Voltage Regulated Supply Using LM338
________10.8.11 Research Project 1
________10.8.12 Research Project 2
________10.8.13 Research Project 3
________10.8.14 Research Project 4
________10.8.15 Research Project 5
____Bibliography
Chapter 11: Active Filters
____11.1 Introduction to Filters
____11.2 Basic First-Order Low-Pass Filter
________11.2.1 Low-Pass Filter with Gain
____11.3 Low-Pass Second-Order Filter
________11.3.1 Sallen-Key or Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS) Topology
____________11.3.1.1 Simplified Design Procedure for Second-Order Low-Pass Unity-Gain Butterworth Filter
________11.3.2 Low-Pass Multiple Feedback Topology
____11.4 Higher Order Low-Pass Filters
________11.4.1 Third-Order Low-Pass Unity-Gain Filter
____________11.4.1.1 Simplified Design Procedure for Third-Order Low-Pass Unity-Gain Butterworth Filter
____11.5 High-Pass First-Order Filter-Butterworth Response
________11.5.1 First-Order High-Pass Filter with Gain
____11.6 High-Pass Second-Order Filter
________11.6.1 Sallen-Key or Voltage-Controlled Voltage Source (VCVS) Topology
____________11.6.1.1 Simplified Design Procedure for Second-Order High-Pass Unity-Gain Butterworth Filter
________11.6.2 High-Pass Second-Order Multiple Feedback Filter
____11.7 Higher Order High-Pass Filters
________11.7.1 Third-Order High-Pass Unity-Gain Filter
____________11.7.1.1 Simplified Design Procedure for Third-Order High-Pass Unity-Gain Butterworth Filter
____11.8 Band-Pass Filter
________11.8.1 Sallen-Key Band-Pass Filter
________11.8.2 Multiple Feedback Band-Pass Filter
________11.8.3 Wien Band-Pass Filter
____11.9 Band-Stop Filter
________11.9.1 Twin-T Notch Filter
________11.9.2 Wien Notch Filter
____11.10 All-Pass Filters
________11.10.1 First-Order all-Pass Filter
________11.10.2 First-Order All- Pass Filter Realization
____11.11 State Variable Filter
________11.11.1 Modified State Variable Filter
____11.12 Biquadratic Filters
________11.12.1 Band-Pass Filter Design
________11.12.2 Band-Stop Filter Design
____11.13 Applications
________11.13.1 Second-Order Speech Filter
____________11.13.1.1 All-Pass Notch
____________11.13.1.2 Variable Wide-Band Filter
____________11.13.1.3 Universal Filter
____________11.13.1.4 Research Project 1
____________11.13.1.5 Research Project 2
____Bibliography
Chapter 12: Oscillators
____12.1 Conditions for Oscillation
____12.2 RC Oscillators
________12.2.1 Wien Bridge Oscillator
________12.2.2 Phase-Shift Oscillator-Lead Network
________12.2.3 Phase-Shift Oscillator-Lag Network
________12.2.4 Buffered Phase-Shift Oscillator
________12.2.5 Multiphase Sinusoidal Oscillator
________12.2.6 Quadrature Oscillator
________12.2.7 Another Quadrature Oscillator
____12.3 LC Oscillators
________12.3.1 LC Resonant Oscillator
________12.3.2 Colpitts and Hartley Oscillators
________12.3.3 Clapp Oscillator
________12.3.4 Simple LC Oscillator
____12.4 Crystal Oscillators
________12.4.1 Crystal Oscillator Using an Op-Amp
________12.4.2 Miller Oscillator
________12.4.3 Clapp Oscillator with Crystal Control
________12.4.4 Pierce Crystal Oscillator
________12.4.5 AD844 Crystal Oscillator
____12.5 Frequency Stability
____12.6 Amplitude Stabilization
____12.7 Oscillator Creation
____12.8 Applications
________12.8.1 Wide-Range Wien Bridge Oscillator
________12.8.2 Wien Bridge Oscillator Using a 741 Op-Amp
________12.8.3 Oscillator Using a JFET Input Amplifier
________12.8.4 Wien Bridge Oscillator Using Two-Transistor Amplifier
________12.8.5 Phase-Shift Oscillator Using a JFET
________12.8.6 Hartley Oscillator Using an Op-Amp
________12.8.7 Colpitts Oscillator Using an Op-Amp
________12.8.8 LC Resonant Oscillator Using a BJT
________12.8.9 Hartley Oscillator Using a BJT
________12.8.10 Colpitts Oscillator Using a BJT
________12.8.11 Crystal Oscillator 1
________12.8.12 Crystal Oscillator 2
________12.8.13 Phase-Shift Oscillator Using a BJT
________12.8.14 Research Project 1: Sinusoidal Oscillator Using the Twin-T Network
________12.8.15 Research Project 2: Sinusoidal Oscillator Using an Inverter
________12.8.16 Research Project 3: Crystal Oscillator Using Emitter Follower
________12.8.17 Research Project 4-Modified Twin-T Oscillator
____Bibliography
Chapter 13: Waveform Generators and Nonlinear Circuits
____13.1 The Comparator
____13.2 Square-Wave Generation
________13.2.1 Sine Wave Generation from a Square-Wave Input
____13.3 Triangular Wave Generation
________13.3.1 Duty Cycle Modulation
________13.3.2 Sawtooth Generation
________13.3.3 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators
____________13.3.3.1 A Square/Triangular Waveform VCO
____________13.3.3.2 A Sinusoidal VCO
____13.4 Monostable Multivibrators
________13.4.1 The 555 Timer
____13.5 Precision Rectifiers
________13.5.1 Linear Half-Wave Rectifier
________13.5.2 Signal Polarity Separator
________13.5.3 Precision Rectifiers: The Absolute Value Circuit
________13.5.4 High-Impedance Precision Full-Wave Rectifier
________13.5.5 AC to DC Converter
____13.6 Applications
________13.6.1 Battery Monitor
________13.6.2 Sound-Activated Switch
________13.6.3 High-Speed Half-Wave Rectifier
________13.6.4 Window Comparator
________13.6.5 Non-inverting Schmitt Trigger
________13.6.6 Transistor Tester
________13.6.7 Sawtooth Wave Generator
________13.6.8 Zener Diode Tester
________13.6.9 Lamp Dimmer
________13.6.10 Voltage Doubler
________13.6.11 Schmitt Trigger Using 555
________13.6.12 Research Project 1
________13.6.13 Research Project 2
________13.6.14 Research Project 3
________13.6.15 Research Project 4
________13.6.16 Research Project 5
Chapter 14: Special Devices
____14.1 Light-Dependent Resistor
____14.2 Photodiode
____14.3 Phototransistor
____14.4 Opto-isolator
________14.4.1 Photoresistor Opto-isolator
________14.4.2 Photofet Opto-isolator
________14.4.3 Photodiode Opto-isolator
________14.4.4 Phototransistor Opto-isolator
________14.4.5 Solid-State Relay
____14.5 Silicon-Controlled Rectifier
________14.5.1 Gate Turn-On Methods
____________14.5.1.1 Static Switching
____________14.5.1.2 Phase Control Switching
____________14.5.1.3 Full-Wave Control
________14.5.2 Gate Turn-Off Switch
________14.5.3 Light-Activated SCR
____14.6 TRIAC
________14.6.1 Triggering Methods
____________14.6.1.1 Static AC Switch
____________14.6.1.2 Phase Control Switching
________14.6.2 Phototriac Opto-isolator
____14.7 Shockley Diode
____14.8 DIAC
____14.9 Unijunction Transistor
____14.10 Programmable Unijunction Transistor
____14.11 Applications
________14.11.1 Battery Charger
________14.11.2 Temperature Controller Using a TRIAC
________14.11.3 Universal Motor Speed Controller
________14.11.4 Sawtooth Generator
________14.11.5 Flasher Circuit
________14.11.6 Zero Crossing Detector
________14.11.7 Research Project 1
________14.11.8 Research Project 2
________14.11.9 Research Project 3
____Bibliography
Index