Electromagnetics for High-Speed Analog and Digital Communication Circuits

0521853508......Page 1
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 11
Acknowledgments......Page 13
1.1 Motivation......Page 15
Technology enhancements......Page 16
Radio and wireless communication......Page 19
Computers and data communication......Page 22
Microwave systems......Page 23
Optical communication......Page 24
1.3 Future wireless communication systems......Page 27
1.4 Circuits and electromagnetic simulation......Page 29
2.1 Electrostatics review......Page 32
Perfect conductors......Page 35
Perfect conductor boundary conditions......Page 36
Dielectrics......Page 40
Review of dipoles......Page 41
Ionic polarizability......Page 43
Effective volume and surface charge......Page 44
Electric flux density vector......Page 45
2.2 Capacitance......Page 46
Parallel plate capacitor......Page 48
Capacitance matrix......Page 50
Electrostatic energy of a capacitor......Page 52
Energy of the electrostatic field......Page 53
Large-signal capacitance......Page 55
Junction diode......Page 56
MOS capacitor......Page 60
Accumulation......Page 61
Threshold voltage......Page 62
MOS Q-V and C-V curves......Page 63
2.4 References......Page 66
3.1 Ohm\'s Law......Page 67
Conductivity of a gas......Page 68
Conduction in metals......Page 69
Drift......Page 70
Charge conservation......Page 71
3.2 Conduction in semiconductors......Page 73
Electrons and holes......Page 74
Doping......Page 75
Acceptor and donor accounting......Page 76
Free carrier mobility model......Page 77
Hall effect......Page 79
3.3 Diffusion......Page 80
3.4 Thermal noise......Page 82
Thermodynamic origin of noise......Page 85
3.5 References......Page 87
Magnetic field......Page 88
Magnetic charge......Page 89
Divergence of curl......Page 90
Application of Ampère’s Law......Page 91
Equations for potential......Page 94
Yet another vector identify......Page 95
Another Divergence Theorem......Page 96
Relative permeability......Page 97
Ampère’s equation for media......Page 98
Ferromagnetics and ferrimagnetics......Page 99
Tangential H......Page 100
Boundary conditions for a conductor......Page 101
Transformers......Page 102
Generating sparks!......Page 103
Is the vector potential real?......Page 104
4.4 Maxwell\'s displacement current......Page 105
Displacement current of a capacitor......Page 106
Source-free regions......Page 107
Tangential boundary conditions......Page 108
4.5 References......Page 109
5.1 Introduction......Page 110
Magnetic flux......Page 111
Flux linkage......Page 112
Mutual and self inductance......Page 113
System of mutual inductance equations......Page 114
Energy for two loops......Page 115
Generalize to N loops......Page 117
Energy in terms of fields......Page 118
Self inductance of filamentary loops......Page 119
5.4 Discussion of inductance......Page 120
Magnetostatics and quasistatics......Page 121
Magnetic flux......Page 122
Internal and external inductance......Page 124
Internal inductance of a round wire......Page 125
Inductance for a general structure......Page 126
Mutual inductance......Page 127
Magnetic energy perspective......Page 129
Magnetic vector potential......Page 131
5.5 Partial inductance and return currents......Page 133
5.6 Impedance and quality factor......Page 134
Skin effect......Page 135
Surface impedance......Page 137
Impedance of round wires......Page 140
Lossless inductors......Page 142
5.8 Quality factor of inductors......Page 144
Magnetization losses......Page 145
Radiative losses......Page 146
5.9 Inductors and switching circuits......Page 147
5.10 Preview: how inductors mutate into capacitors......Page 149
5.11 References......Page 150
6.1 Ring inductor......Page 151
Skin effect......Page 152
Substrate losses......Page 154
6.2 The classic coil......Page 155
Rectangular coils......Page 156
6.3 Spirals......Page 157
6.4 Symmetric inductors......Page 159
6.5 Multilayer inductors......Page 161
6.6 Inductor equivalent circuit models......Page 163
6.7 Integrated capacitors......Page 164
Metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors......Page 165
Capacitor Q......Page 166
Partial inductance......Page 167
Magnetic vector integral and differential equations......Page 170
Filamental calculations......Page 171
Geometric mean distance and the Grover/Greenhouse methods......Page 172
General orthogonal geometries......Page 174
Arbitrary geometry......Page 175
Effect of an ideal ground plane......Page 177
6.10 Appendix: Filamental partial mutual inductance......Page 179
Series RLC circuits......Page 182
Circuit bandwidth......Page 184
Circuit damping factor......Page 186
Energy storage in RLC \"tank\"......Page 190
Parallel RLC circuits......Page 191
Circuit transfer function......Page 192
7.2 The many faces of Q......Page 194
Inductor equivalent circuit......Page 195
Shunt-series transformation......Page 196
Simplifying practical RLC resonators......Page 197
LC tanks......Page 199
7.3 Impedance matching......Page 200
Minimum reflections in transmission lines......Page 201
Capacitive and inductive dividers......Page 202
An L match......Page 204
Insertion loss of an L-matching network......Page 206
Reactance absorption......Page 207
A Pi match......Page 208
Multi-section low Q matching......Page 210
7.5 Filters......Page 213
7.6 References......Page 214
8 Small-signal high-speed amplifiers......Page 215
Resistive load amplifiers......Page 216
Tuned amplifiers......Page 221
Feedback amplifiers......Page 222
Shunt peaking......Page 223
Reactive series feedback......Page 225
Practical issues with inductive degeneration......Page 228
RF chokes and bypass caps......Page 231
8.2 Classical two-port amplifier design......Page 234
The admittance parameters......Page 235
Power gain......Page 237
Comparison of power gains......Page 239
Stability of a two-port......Page 242
Linvill/Llewellyn stability factors......Page 243
Stability from scattering parameters......Page 244
K- test......Page 245
Properties of U......Page 248
Maximum unilateral gain......Page 250
Neutralization......Page 251
Inductive degeneration......Page 252
Capacitive degeneration......Page 253
Resistive degeneration......Page 254
Shunt feedback......Page 255
8.3 Transistor figures of merit......Page 256
8.4 References......Page 258
9.1 Distributed properties of a cable......Page 260
9.2 An infinite ladder network......Page 262
9.3 Transmission lines as distributed ladder networks......Page 263
Telegrapher\'s time harmonic equations......Page 264
Transmission line properties......Page 266
9.4 Transmission line termination......Page 267
9.5 Lossless transmission lines......Page 269
Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)......Page 270
Transmission line input impedance......Page 272
Shorted transmission line......Page 273
9.6 Lossy transmission lines......Page 274
Dispersionless line......Page 275
Power flow on a lossy line......Page 276
9.7 Field theory of transmission lines......Page 278
The coaxial line......Page 279
Balanced two-wire line......Page 280
On-chip differential transmission line......Page 282
Stripline and microstrip line......Page 283
Co-planar lines......Page 284
9.9 Transmission line circuits......Page 286
Open transmission line......Page 287
Shorted transmission line......Page 288
Quarter-wave line......Page 289
Transmission line resonance......Page 292
Shorted quarter-wave line resonance......Page 293
Feynman\'s can......Page 294
Lumped/distributed resonant networks......Page 295
Smith Chart construction......Page 296
Load on Smith Chart......Page 298
The Admittance Chart......Page 300
Matching with lumped elements......Page 301
Matching with T-line stubs......Page 302
Matching with the aid of the Smith Chart......Page 303
9.12 References......Page 306
10.1 Ideal transformers......Page 307
10.2 Dot convention......Page 308
10.3 Coupled inductors as transformers......Page 309
10.4 Coupled inductor equivalent circuits......Page 310
10.5 Transformer design and layout......Page 313
10.6 Baluns......Page 315
10.7 Hybrid transformer......Page 316
10.9 Transform figures of merit......Page 319
Mixers......Page 324
Interstage power matching......Page 327
Power combining......Page 328
Magnetic feedback......Page 329
RFID......Page 331
10.11 References......Page 333
Distributed resistor......Page 334
Metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor......Page 336
Single contact structure......Page 337
Double contact structure......Page 338
11.2 Transmission line transformers......Page 339
Low frequencies: a common-mode choke......Page 340
Broadband inverter......Page 341
Transmission line transformer balun......Page 342
4:1 Unbalanced Guannella transformer......Page 343
Extrinsic gate resistance......Page 346
Intrinsic gate NQS resistance......Page 347
Gate induced noise......Page 348
11.4 Distributed amplifier......Page 349
Ideal lossless distributed amplifier......Page 350
Lossy distributed amplifier......Page 351
Artificial distributed amplifier......Page 353
11.5 References......Page 356
12.1 Transmission lines and high-speed switching circuits......Page 357
Advantages of transmission lines......Page 358
Time domain voltage/current waveforms......Page 359
12.3 Step function excitation of an infinite line......Page 360
Energy on a transmission line......Page 361
12.4 Terminated transmission line......Page 362
Physical intuition: shorted Line......Page 364
Steady-state waveform......Page 365
Ringing for open/short Loads......Page 366
Transmission line resonator......Page 367
Cascade of transmission lines......Page 368
Junction of parallel T-lines......Page 370
12.5 Reactive terminations......Page 371
12.6 Transmission line dispersion......Page 374
12.7 References......Page 377
13.1 Electrical coupling......Page 378
Electrical shielding......Page 379
Ground plane......Page 380
13.2 Magnetic coupling......Page 381
Magnetic isolation......Page 382
Shield and ground together......Page 384
Supply and ground bounce......Page 387
Bypass and decoupling......Page 389
Ground noise rejection techniques......Page 391
Substrate injection mechanisms......Page 392
Substrate isolation......Page 394
Guard rings......Page 395
FET substrate network......Page 396
13.5 Package coupling......Page 397
13.6 References......Page 399
One-dimensional waves......Page 400
Polarized TEM fields......Page 401
Sinusoidal plane waves......Page 402
Wave equation in three dimensions......Page 403
14.2 Penetration of waves into conductors......Page 404
Penetration depth......Page 405
Lossy materials......Page 406
Propagation constant and loss......Page 407
Waves in conductors......Page 408
Energy storage and loss in fields......Page 409
Interpretation of the Poynting vector......Page 410
14.4 EM power carried by a plane wave......Page 411
Plane wave \"resonance\"......Page 412
14.5 Complex Poynting Theorem......Page 413
Average complex Poynting vector......Page 414
14.6 Reflections from a perfect conductor......Page 416
14.7 Normal incidence on a dielectric......Page 418
Reflection and transmission with three materials......Page 419
14.8 References......Page 420
15.1 What are microwave circuits?......Page 421
15.3 Lorentz reciprocity theorem......Page 423
Radiation boundary......Page 424
Uniqueness theorem......Page 425
15.4 The network formulation......Page 426
Symmetry of impedance matrix......Page 427
15.5 Scattering matrix......Page 428
Incident and scattering waves......Page 429
Conversion formula......Page 432
Another proof......Page 433
Orthogonal properties of S......Page 434
15.6 Properties of three-ports......Page 435
Non-reciprocal three-port circulator......Page 436
Three-port with single port mismatch......Page 437
Power dividers and combiners......Page 438
Even mode......Page 440
Port impedance......Page 442
15.7 Properties of four-ports......Page 443
Directional coupler......Page 445
Branch line coupler......Page 449
15.8 Two conductor coupler......Page 452
15.9 References......Page 454
References......Page 455
Index......Page 459