Electrodeposition from Ionic Liquids

Content: List of Contributors xvii Abbreviations xxi 1 Why Use Ionic Liquids for Electrodeposition? 1Andrew P. Abbott, Frank Endres, and Douglas R. Macfarlane 1.1 Nonaqueous Solutions 2 1.2 Ionic Fluids 3 1.3 What Is an Ionic Liquid? 4 1.4 Technological Potential of Ionic Liquids 6 1.5 Conclusions 11 References 12 2 Synthesis of Ionic Liquids 17Tom Beyersdorff, Thomas J. S. Schubert, UrsWelz-Biermann,Will Pitner, Andrew P. Abbott, Katy J. McKenzie, and Karl S. Ryder 2.1 Nanostructured Metals and Alloys Deposited from Ionic Liquids 17Thomas J. S. Schubert References 24 2.2 Air- andWater-Stable Ionic Liquids 26Thomas J. S. Schubert References 35 2.3 Eutectic-Based Ionic Liquids 38Andrew P. Abbott References 50 3 Physical Properties of Ionic Liquids for Electrochemical Applications 55Hiroyuki Ohno 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Thermal Properties 55 3.3 Viscosity 62 3.4 Density 64 3.5 Refractive Index 65 3.6 Polarity 67 3.7 Solubility of Metal Salts 73 3.8 Electrochemical Properties 76 3.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects 86 Acknowledgments 86 References 86 4 Electrodeposition of Metals 954.1 Electrodeposition in AlCl3-Based Ionic Liquids 95Thomas Schubert References 103 4.2 Electrodeposition of Refractory Metals from Ionic Liquids 104Giridhar Pulletikurthi, Natalia Borisenko, and Frank Endres References 115 4.3 Deposition of Metals from Nonchloroaluminate Eutectic Mixtures 119Andrew P. Abbott and Karl S. Ryder References 131 4.4 Troublesome Aspects 132Andrew P. Abbott and Frank Endres References 137 4.5 Complexation and Redox Behavior ofMetal Ions in Ionic Liquids 137 References 151 5 Electrodeposition of Alloys 157I-Wen Sun and Po-Yu Chen 5.1 Introduction 157 5.2 Electrodeposition of Al-Containing Alloys from Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids 160 5.3 Electrodeposition of Zn-Containing Alloys from Chlorozincate Ionic Liquids 167 5.4 Fabrication of a Porous Metal Surface by Electrochemical Alloying and Dealloying 170 5.5 Nb   Sn 171 5.6 Air- andWater-Stable Ionic Liquids 171 5.7 Deep Eutectic Solvents 178 5.8 Summary 182 References 183 6 Electrodeposition of Semiconductors from Ionic Liquids 187Natalia Borisenko, Abhishek Lahiri, and Frank Endres 6.1 Introduction 187 6.2 Group IV Semiconductors 188 6.3 II   VI Compound Semiconductors 196 6.4 III   V Compound Semiconductors 198 6.5 Other Compound Semiconductors 201 6.6 Conclusions 202 References 204 7 Conducting Polymers 211JenniferM. Pringle 7.1 Introduction 211 7.2 Electropolymerization     General Experimental Procedures 214 7.3 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers in Chloroaluminate ILs 219 7.4 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers in Air- andWater-Stable ILs 221 7.5 Characterization 235 7.6 Conclusions and Outlook 244 References 245 8 Nanostructured Materials 2538.1 Nanostructured Metals and Alloys Deposited from Ionic Liquids 253Rolf Hempelmann and Harald Natter Acknowledgments 273 References 274 8.2 Electrodeposition of Ordered Macroporous Materials from Ionic Liquids 278Yao Li and Jiupeng Zhao References 288 8.3 Electrodeposition of Nanowires from Ionic Liquids 289I-Wen Sun and Po-Yu Chen Acknowledgment 302 References 303 8.4 Electrochemical Synthesis of Nanowire Electrodes for Lithium Batteries 304Sherif Zein El Abedin Acknowledgments 317 References 317 9 Ionic Liquid   Solid Interfaces 321Hua Li, Timo Carstens, Aaron Elbourne, Natalia Borisenko, Rene Gustus, Frank Endres, and Rob Atkin 9.1 Introduction 321 9.2 IL   Au(111) Interface 322 9.3 IL   HOPG Interface 327 9.4 Influence of Solutes on the IL   Electrode Interfacial Structure 332 9.5 Thin Films of Ionic Liquids in Ultrahigh Vacuum (UHV) 335 9.6 Outlook 339 References 339 10 Plasma Electrochemistry with Ionic Liquids 345Jurgen Janek, Marcus Rohnke, Manuel Polleth, and Sebastian A.Meiss 10.1 Introduction 345 10.2 Concepts and Principles 346 10.3 Early Studies 351 10.4 The Stability of Ionic Liquids in Plasma Experiments 355 10.5 Plasma Electrochemical Metal Deposition in Ionic Liquids 359 10.6 Conclusions and Outlook 367 Acknowledgments 368 References 368 11 Impedance Spectroscopy on Electrode | Ionic Liquid Interfaces 373Jens Wallauer, Marco Balabajew, and Bernhard Roling 11.1 Introduction 373 11.2 Measurement: Basics and Pitfalls 378 11.3 Analysis of Experimental Data 381 11.4 Application: IL Interfaces at Metal Electrodes 387 References 395 12 Technical Aspects 401 12.1 Metal Dissolution Processes 401Andrew P. Abbott,Wrya Karim, and Karl S. Ryder References 408 12.2 Reference Electrodes for Use in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids 408Douglas R. MacFarlane References 422 12.3 Process Scale-Up 424Andrew P. Abbott References 436 12.4 Toward Regeneration and Reuse of Ionic Liquids in Electroplating 438Daniel Watercamp and Jorg Thoming Acknowledgments 453 References 453 12.5 Impurities 457Andrew P. Abbott, Frank Endres and Douglas MacFarlane A.1 Protocol for the Deposition of Zinc from a Type III Ionic Liquid 467 A.1.1 Preparation of Ionic Liquids 467 A.2 Electroplating Experiment 467 A.2.1 Method 467 A.2.2 Safety Precautions 468 References 468 13 Plating Protocols 469Frank Endres, Sherif Zein El Abedin, Douglas R.MacFarlane, Karl S. Ryder, and Andrew P. Abbott 13.1 Electrodeposition of Al from [C2mim]Cl/AlCl3 469 13.2 Electrodeposition of Al from 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazoliumchloride   AlCl3   Toluene 472 13.3 Electrodeposition of Al from [C2mim] NTf2/AlCl3 473 13.4 Electrodeposition of Al from [C4mpyr]NTf2/AlCl3 476 13.5 Electrodeposition of Li from [C4mpyr]NTf2/LiNTf2 477 13.6 Electrodeposition of Ta from [C4mpyr]NTf2 479 13.7 Electrodeposition of Zinc Coatings from a Choline Chloride: Ethylene-Glycol-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent 480 13.8 Electrodeposition of Nickel Coatings from a Choline Chloride: Ethylene-Glycol-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent 481 References 482 14 Future Directions and Challenges 483Frank Endres, Andrew P. Abbott, and Douglas MacFarlane 14.1 Impurities 483 14.2 Counter Electrodes/Compartments 485 14.3 Ionic Liquids for Reactive (Nano)materials 486 14.4 Nanomaterials/Nanoparticles 486 14.5 Cation/Anion Effects 487 14.6 Polymers for Batteries and Solar Cells 487 14.7 Variable-Temperature Studies 488 14.8 Intrinsic Process Safety 488 14.9 Economics (Price, Recycling) 489 14.10 Fundamental Knowledge Gaps 490 Index 491