Electrochemical Sensors Based on Carbon Composite Materials: Fabrication, Properties and Applications

PRELIMS.pdf
	Preface
	Acknowledgement
	Editor biography
		Dr Jamballi G Manjunatha
	List of contributors
CH001.pdf
	Chapter 1 An overview of voltammetric techniques to the present era
		1.1 Introduction
			1.1.1 Voltammetry
			1.1.2 General theory
			1.1.3 Voltammetric techniques and applications
		1.2 Voltammetric techniques
			1.2.1 Sweep voltammetric techniques
			1.2.2 Polarography-like methods
			1.2.3 Additional methods
		1.3 Summary
		References
CH002.pdf
	Chapter 2 Development of electrochemical sensors for toxic metal detection
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Carbon-based electrode materials for the electrochemical sensing of toxic metals
			2.2.1 Graphite electrodes
			2.2.2 Carbon paste electrodes
			2.2.3 Glassy carbon electrodes
			2.2.4 Screen printed carbon electrodes
		2.3 Carbon composite materials for the electrochemical sensing of toxic metals
			2.3.1 Graphene and its derivatives
			2.3.2 Carbon nanotubes
			2.3.3 Carbon nanofibers
		2.4 Conclusion
		References
CH003.pdf
	Chapter 3 Voltammetric sensors for environmental monitoring
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Monitoring the environment contaminants by voltammetric sensors constructed by carbon-based nanocomposites
			3.2.1 Voltammetric sensors constructed by graphene-anchored composites
			3.2.2 Voltammetric sensors constructed by carbon nanotubes composites
			3.2.3 Voltammetric sensors constructed by g-C3N4 composites
			3.2.4 Voltammetric sensors constructed by C6 composites
			3.2.5 Voltammetric sensors constructed by hollow sphere and porous carbon composites
		3.3 Conclusion and perspectives
		References
CH004.pdf
	Chapter 4 Graphene-based sensing devices for soil moisture analysis
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Classification of nanoparticles
		4.3 Synthesis techniques of nanoparticles
		4.4 Carbon nanoparticles and their derivatives
		4.5 Synthesis of graphene using Hummers’ method
		4.6 Properties and characterization techniques of graphene
		4.7 Soil moisture sensors types
		4.8 Deliberate qualities of soil moisture sensor and review of graphene-based soil moisture sensors
		4.9 Soil moisture mechanism for graphene-based soil moisture sensors
		4.10 Conclusion
		Acknowledgements
		References
CH005.pdf
	Chapter 5 Carbon composite material as a sensor for pharmaceutical sample analysis
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Fabrication of carbon composite sensor for electrochemical drug analysis
			5.2.1 Electrochemical deposition
			5.2.2 Drop-casting preparation
			5.2.3 Dip-coating preparation
		5.3 Application of carbon composite material as a sensor for pharmaceutical sample analysis
			5.3.1 Selected applications of carbon composite with GCE
			5.3.2 Selected applications of carbon composite with CPE
			5.3.3 Selected applications of carbon composite with SPCE
			5.3.4 Selected applications of carbon composite with graphite and PGE
			5.3.5 Selected applications carbon composite-based on other electrodes
		5.4 Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
CH006.pdf
	Chapter 6 Recent innovations in voltammetric techniques
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Linear sweep voltammetry
		6.3 Cyclic voltammetry
		6.4 Differential pulse voltammetry
		6.5 Square wave voltammetry
		6.6 Stripping voltammetry
		6.7 Concluding remarks
		Acknowledgements
		References
CH007.pdf
	Chapter 7 Carbon-based electrodes for forensic sample analysis
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Electrode material
			7.2.1 Carbon and graphite
			7.2.2 Graphite structure
		7.3 Sorption based artificially changed terminals
			7.3.1 Physisorption technique
			7.3.2 Chemisorption technique
		7.4 Conclusion
		References
CH008.pdf
	Chapter 8 Carbon composite voltammetric sensors for food quality assessment
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 Types of carbon nanomaterials
			8.2.1 Carbon nanotubes
			8.2.2 Graphene and related compounds
			8.2.3 Carbon dots
			8.2.4 Ordered mesoporous carbon
			8.2.5 Boron-Doped Diamond
		8.3 Conclusions
		Conflicts of interest
		References
CH009.pdf
	Chapter 9 Recent advances in electrochemical monitoring of epinephrine using carbon-based (bio)sensor devices for clinical applications
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Epinephrine: a brief history
		9.3 Epinephrine as a biomarker and its clinical uses
		9.4 Analytical methods employed in the quantification of epinephrine
		9.5 Voltammetric techniques
			9.5.1 Working electrodes based on carbon materials
			9.5.2 Electrochemical biosensors based in polyphenol oxidases
		9.6 Recent voltammetric platforms developed for epinephrine determination
		9.7 Electrochemical mechanism of epinephrine oxidation
		9.8 Recent progress in microelectrodes for in vivo electrochemical sensing of epinephrine
		9.9 Conclusion and future perspectives
		Acknowledgments
		References
CH010.pdf
	Chapter 10 Electrochemical detection of amoxicillin as an antibiotic drug by using surface modified carbon based sensors
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Experimental section
			10.2.1 Reagents and solutions
			10.2.2 Instrumentation
			10.2.3 Fabrication of working sensor
		10.3 Results and interpretations
			10.3.1 Electropolymerization of the AP at the surface of the bare electrode
			10.3.2 Morphological studies of the prepared electrodes
			10.3.3 Electrochemical characterization of the modified and unmodified electrode
			10.3.4 Impedance study
			10.3.5 Voltammetric sensing of AMX at the bare and modified electrode
			10.3.6 Influence of supporting electrolyte pH
			10.3.7 Effect of the potential sweep rate
			10.3.8 Analytical curve and detection limit
			10.3.9 Stability, reproducibility, repeatability
			10.3.10 Selectivity of the modified electrode
			10.3.11 Interference study with some metal ions and the organic compounds
			10.3.12 Analytical applications
		10.4 Conclusion
		Acknowledgement
		References
CH011.pdf
	Chapter 11 Chemically modified carbon electrodes for metal ions and organic molecule sensing applications
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Different types of electrodes in the modification process
			11.2.1 Metal electrodes
			11.2.2 Electrodes from glassy carbon
			11.2.3 Electrodes from carbon paste
			11.2.4 Pyrolytic graphite electrodes
		11.3 Modification of electrodes with chemical techniques
			11.3.1 Chemical modification
			11.3.2 Electrochemical modification
		References
CH012.pdf
	Chapter 12 Electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanomaterial using Langmuir–Blodgett and layer-by-layer thin films for chemical and biological analyses
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Electrochemical sensing based on carbon nanomaterials: electrode coating by Langmuir–Blodgett and layer-by-layer techniques
			12.2.1 Electrochemical sensor modified by layer-by-layer technique
			12.2.2 Electrochemical sensor modified by the Langmuir–Blodgett technique
		12.3 Future perspectives
		References
CH013.pdf
	Chapter 13 Development of electrochemical sensors for the analysis of herbicides
		13.1 Introduction
			13.1.1 Electrochemical methods in herbicide detection
		13.2 Conclusion
		Some ambiguous contractions
		References
CH014.pdf
	Chapter 14 Application of electrochemical sensor for insulin detection
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Carbon-based electrochemical determination of insulin
			14.2.1 Carbon-based electrodes
			14.2.2 Carbon-based electrode modifiers
		14.3 Commonly employed electrochemical sensing methodologies
			14.3.1 Non-biorecognition element based electrochemical sensors
			14.3.2 Biorecognition element based electrochemical sensors
			14.3.3 Carbon-based MIP sensors for insulin
		14.4 Conclusion and future aspects
		References
CH015.pdf
	Chapter 15 Carbon nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for biomedical applications
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Biosensors based on graphenes
			15.2.1 Glucose sensing
			15.2.2 Cholesterol sensing
			15.2.3 Hydrogen peroxide sensing
			15.2.4 Biosensing of neurotransmitters
		15.3 Carbon nanotubes as electrochemical biosensors
			15.3.1 Enzymatic biosensing
			15.3.2 Biosensing of dopamine
			15.3.3 Non-enzymatic glucose sensing
			15.3.4 Nucleic acid sensing
			15.3.5 Detection of cancer biomarkers
		15.4 Carbon dots as biosensors
			15.4.1 Cancer diagnosis
			15.4.2 Diagnosis and monitoring of cardiovascular diseases
			15.4.3 Detection of pathogens and infectious diseases
			15.4.4 Non-enzymatic biosensing of hydrogen peroxide and glucose
			15.4.5 Electrochemical detection of dopamine
			15.4.6 Detection of other organic molecules
		15.5 Conclusion
		References
CH016.pdf
	Chapter 16 Fabrication of disposable sensors to test for environmental pollutants
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Basic characteristics of a biosensor
		16.3 Electrochemical biosensors and working principle
		16.4 Electrodes in electrochemical biosensors and fabrication of screen-printed electrodes
		16.5 Integration of mediators, pre-anodized screen-printed carbon electrodes
		16.6 Pre-anodized screen-printed carbon electrodes
		16.7 Applications
		16.8 Disposable electrodes in the detection of biomolecules
		16.9 Screen-printed electrodes in the detection of food contaminants
		16.10 Importance of disposable electrodes in pesticide detection
		16.11 Environmental sample analysis (determination of pH and dissolved oxygen level in water, estimation of ions in water samples, organic compounds, heavy metal detection)
		16.12 Determination of pH and dissolved oxygen levels in water
		16.13 Estimation of ions in water samples
		16.14 Organic compounds
		16.15 Heavy metal detection
		16.16 Conclusions and future perspectives
		Acknowledgements
		References
CH017.pdf
	Chapter 17 The role of carbon materials in sensors
		17.1 CDs as chemo-sensors
		17.2 CDs as biosensors
		17.3 Conclusions and future perspective
		References
CH018.pdf
	Chapter 18 Prospects of carbon based sensors for hormones detection
		18.1 Introduction
			18.1.1 Hormones
			18.1.2 Carbon-based electrochemical sensors
		18.2 Carbon-based nanomaterials
			18.2.1 Fullerenes
			18.2.2 Graphene
			18.2.3 Carbon nanotubes
			18.2.4 Carbon nanowires
			18.2.5 Carbon fibers
			18.2.6 Carbon dots
		18.3 Electrode modification with carbon nanoparticles
		18.4 Applications of carbon-based electrochemical sensors in hormone analysis
		18.5 Conclusion
		References