ELECTRIMACS 2019: Selected Papers - Volume 1 (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering)

Preface
	Organising Committee
Contents
About the Editors
Part I Modelling and Simulation
	Modelling of Photovoltaic Systems for Real-Time Hardware Simulation
		1 Introduction
		2 PV System Modelling
		3 Real-Time Simulation Architecture
		4 Simulation and Results
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation of High-Power Modular Converters and Drives
		1 Introduction
		2 Some Requirements for HIL Simulation of Drives
		3 Some MW Converter Topologies Simulated in HIL
			3.1 Two-Level Parallel IGBT Modular Motor Drive and Active-Front-End Rectifier
				3.1.1 Modelling Techniques
			3.2 Multi-level Motor Drive with Low Input Harmonic
				3.2.1 Modelling Techniques
			3.3 Multi-level Modular Converter (MMC)
				3.3.1 Modelling Techniques
			3.4 T-Type 3-Level Inverter for PV-to-Grid Converter
		4 Miscellaneous Topics
			4.1 Time-Stamping Technique and Real-Time Simulators
			4.2 Machine Models and SSN
			4.3 Decoupling for Power Circuits and Drives
			4.4 CPU vs. FPGA Modelling
			4.5 The Case for CPU-Based High-PWM-Frequency Drives
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Concept and Implementation of a Rotor Position Detection Method for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines Based on Linear Halls
		1 Introduction
		2 The Principle of Angle Solving System
			2.1 Selection of Magnetic Field Detection Points
			2.2 Mathematical Model of Armature-Reaction Field
			2.3 Angle Solving Algorithm
			2.4 Angle Solving System Diagram
		3 Simulation and Analysis
			3.1 Fitting Coefficients Acquisition
			3.2 Angle Solving Process
		4 Experiment
			4.1 Experiment Platform
			4.2 Experiment Results
		5 Conclusions
		References
	A Discrete-Time Robust MRAC Applied on Grid-Side Current Control of a Grid-Connected Three-Phase Converter with LCL Filter
		1 Introduction
		2 Modelling of Three-Phase Grid-Connected Converter with LCL Filter
		3 Robust Model Reference Adaptive Control
			3.1 Parametric Adaptation Algorithm
			3.2 Rejection of Periodic Disturbances
		4 Control Project
		5 Simulation Results
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Electrothermal Characterization of Double-Sided Cooling Si Power Module
		1 Introduction
		2 Wire-Bondless, Double-Sided Cooling Power Module
			2.1 Overview of the Power Module
			2.2 Numerical Modeling
		3 Non-intrusive Tj Measurement
			3.1 Principle
			3.2 Test Bench
				3.2.1 Hydraulic Parts
				3.2.2 Electric Parts
		4 Experimental and Numerical Results: Comparison of Thermal Resistance Rth
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Integrated Design Process and Sensitivity Analysis of a Hybrid Electric Propulsion System for Future Aircraft
		1 Introduction
		2 Integrated Design Process
		3 Integrated Design-Oriented Models: Some Examples
			3.1 Environment Model
			3.2 Propeller Model
			3.3 Gearbox Model
			3.4 Turboshaft Model
			3.5 Electric Component Models
		4 Sensitivity Analysis at System Level
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Direct Torque Control Applied to DFIG Supplied via a Three-Level Inverter Under Random Behavior Wind Speed
		1 Introduction
		2 Description of the Proposed System
		3 Direct Torque Control of the Three-Level Inverter
		4 Simulation Results and Discussion
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Sensorless Control Strategy for Switched Reluctance Traction Drive Based on High Frequency Injection
		1 Introduction
		2 Switched Reluctance Drive Description
		3 Signal Injection
		4 Low Speed Sensorless Method
		5 Performance Evaluation
			5.1 Modeling of the SRM Drive
			5.2 Simulation Results
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Optimization of Offshore Wind Farms with HVAC and HVDC Transmission Networks
		1 Introduction
		2 Transmission Technologies
		3 Offshore Wind Farm Electrical Models
			3.1 Turbines
			3.2 Submarine Cables
			3.3 Multilevel Modular Converters (MMCs)
			3.4 Transformers
		4 Offshore Wind Farm Economic Models
			4.1 Submarine Cables
			4.2 Offshore Substations
			4.3 Transformers
			4.4 MMCs
			4.5 Reactive Power Compensation
		5 Offshore Wind Farm Optimization (Borssele I & II)
			5.1 Economic Functions
			5.2 Power Flows
		6 Results
			6.1 Performance Evaluation of Borssele I & II with Genetic Algorithm Optimization
			6.2 Comparison Between HVAC and HVDC
		7 Conclusion
		References
	Low-Side MOSFET Current Sensing Technique for Automotive Applications
		1 Introduction
		2 Mathematical Model of the Power MOSFET
			2.1 General Information and Mathematical Model of Power MOSFET
			2.2 Characteristics of Power MOSFET Intended for Low-Side MOSFET Current Sensing Technique
		3 Proposed Current Sensing Technique
		4 Validation of the Proposed Approach
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Input-State Feedback Linearization of a Boost DC/DC Converter
		1 Introduction
		2 System Architecture and Mathematical Model
			2.1 Piece-Wise Smooth Dynamical Model
			2.2 Averaged Model
			2.3 Non-dimensionalized Affine Model
		3 Input-State Feedback Linearization
			3.1 Linearizing Transformation Search
			3.2 Feedback Linearized System Model
		4 Controller Design
			4.1 Equivalent Reference Computation
			4.2 System Controller Design
			4.3 Online Load Estimation
			4.4 Control Scheme
		5 Numerical Validation
			5.1 Reference Voltage Transitions
			5.2 Load Transition
			5.3 Input Voltage Variation
		6 Conclusions
		References
	2-D Analytical Model of Conventional Switched Reluctance Machines
		1 Introduction
		2 Analytical Model
		3 Simulation Results
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Effects of Synchronous Motors Parameters Variations on Efficiency Maps
		1 Introduction
		2 Synchronous Motors Model
			2.1 Per-Unit System
			2.2 Parameters variations
		3 Efficiency Maps Computation
		4 Parametric Study
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Structural Analysis and Modular Control Law for Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC)
		1 Introduction
		2 MMC Modelling
		3 Structural Analysis
			3.1 Natural Model Analysis
				3.1.1 Local Differentiation (Jacobian Analysis)
				3.1.2 Coupling Analysis
			3.2 Transformed (Σ/ Δ) Model Analysis
				3.2.1 Local Differentiation (Jacobian Analysis)
				3.2.2 Coupling Analysis
				3.2.3 Parametric Condition for Decoupling
		4 Proposed Control and Simulation Results
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Simulation of an Islanded DC Microgrid Using Instantaneous and Average Modeling Approaches
		1 Introduction
		2 Microgrid Configuration and Strategy of Control
		3 Instantaneous and Average Modeling of Converters
			3.1 Average Model Converter Configuration
			3.2 Sampling Time Selection
		4 Simulation Tests and Results
		5 Conclusion
		References
Part II Control and Power Management
	Digital Control of an FFC NMR Relaxometer Power Supply
		1 Introduction
		2 The Apparatus
		3 Digital PID Controller
			3.1 Digital Control Chain
			3.2 Control Operations
			3.3 Experimental Setup
		4 Experimental Results
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Blended Antilock Braking System Control Method for All-Wheel Drive Electric Sport Utility Vehicle
		1 Introduction
		2 Vehicle Model and Experimental Set-Up
			2.1 Single-Wheel Model
			2.2 State Estimation
			2.3 Electric Vehicle Model
			2.4 Electrohydraulic Brake System Test Bed
		3 Blended Anti-lock Braking System Control Method
			3.1 Control Method
			3.2 Torque Blending
		4 Results
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Voltage Boost by Neutral Point Supply of AC Machine
		1 Introduction
		2 Main Idea and Scheme
			2.1 Scheme of the Proposed Concept
			2.2 Power Flow
		3 AC Machine Drive Modelling and Steady-State Study
			3.1 AC Machine Drive Modelling
			3.2 Capacitor Voltage Control
			3.3 Steady-State Behavior
			3.4 Comparisons Between the NPS Scheme and a Classical Star-Connected Machine
		4 Control
			4.1 Proposed Control Scheme
			4.2 RMS Current Analysis
		5 Experimental Validation
			5.1 Test Bench Description
			5.2 Experimental Results
		6 Conclusion
		References
	Performance Analysis of a Micro-Grid System Composed of Renewable Energy Sources with Hybrid Energy Storage System
		1 Introduction
		2 Description of the Proposed Micro-Grid System
			2.1 Supercapacitor Model
			2.2 Modeling of the Battery Bank
		3 Description of the Power Management and Vdc Control
		4 Simulation Results and Discussion
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Management and Control of Smart Transformer-Fed LV Distribution Networks During Grid Faults
		1 Introduction
		2 Post-fault Management in MVAC Grid
			2.1 Basic Configuration of Three-Stage Smart Transformer
			2.2 Configuration of Radial Networks
			2.3 Dual-Microgrids and Power Loop Controller
		3 Post-fault Management in LVac Grid
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Efficient Power Management Strategies for High-Energy-Demanding Industrial Plants
		1 Introduction
		2 Power Management in Traditional Galvanizing Plants
		3 Proposed Power Management Setup for Galvanizing Plant
		4 Modeling of the Plant and Simulation Study
			4.1 Modeling Methodology
			4.2 Comparative Simulation Study
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Droop Control Strategy for Voltage Source Converters Containing Renewable Power Sources
		1 Introduction
		2 System Model
		3 Control Scheme
			3.1 Control of Currents  iid  and  iiq
			3.2 Control of Voltage  vod
			3.3 Frequency Control
			3.4 Control of Active/Reactive Power
		4 Results
			4.1 Load Impact at PCC
			4.2 Changes in the Power References of the VSIs
			4.3 Impact of a Capacitor Bank at the PCC
		5 Conclusions
		References
Part III Design, Optimisation, Identification and Diagnosis
	ISO26262-Compliant Development of a High Dependable Automotive Powertrain Item
		1 Introduction
		2 Background
		3 Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment
			3.1 Situation Analysis and Hazard Identification
			3.2 Hazard Classification
				3.2.1 Safety Goal 1
				3.2.2 Safety Goal 2
			3.3 ASIL Classification
		4 Failure Mode and Effect Analysis
		5 Conclusions
		References
	A Fault Localization Method for Single-Phase to Ground Faultsin LV Smart Distribution Grids
		1 Introduction
		2 Grid Characteristics
		3 Fault Localization Method
			3.1 Faulty Branch Identification
			3.2 Faulty Sector Localization
			3.3 Fault Distance Estimation
		4 Results
			4.1 Phase Voltage vs. Positive Sequence Component
			4.2 High Impedance vs. Low Impedance Faults
			4.3 Imbalance Analysis
			4.4 Heterogeneity Analysis
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Smart Sensors in Smart Cities Collaborate for Indoor Air Quality
		1 Introduction
		2 The Indoor Air Quality
		3 The Monitoring System
			3.1 The Multi-Component Platform for IAQ
		4 The Interaction with the CAT Outdoor System
		5 Experimental Setup
		6 Conclusions
		References
	A Low-Cost Monitoring and Fault Detection System for Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems Using IoT Technique
		1 Introduction
		2 Experimental Design and Setup
			2.1 System Description
			2.2 Experimental Step
		3 Results and Discussion
		4 Conclusions
		References
	A New Approach for Effective Position/Speed Sensor Fault Detection in PMSM Drives
		1 Introduction
		2 PMSM Drive Operating Under Rotor Position Sensor Fault
			2.1 Mathematical PMSM Modeling
			2.2 The Proposed PCV-Based Sensor Fault Detection
		3 Simulation Results
			3.1 Robustness of the PCV Technique Against Load Variations
			3.2 Impact of the Position Sensor Fault on the High-Power Rating PMSM Behavior
			3.3 Position Sensor Information Total Loss Fault Detection Using the New Defined Angle
		4 Experimental Results
			4.1 Impact of the Position Sensor Fault on the PMSM Behavior
			4.2 Experimental Validation of the Proposed PCV-Based Sensor Fault Detection Technique Effectiveness
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Fractional Order System Identification Method for Online Monitoring of Humidity of Electrochemical Hydrogen Pumps
		1 Introduction
		2 Methodology
		3 Experimental Setup
		4 Results
			4.1 Equivalent Circuit Model Selection
			4.2 Parameter Estimation
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Report on Lithium-Ion Battery Ageing Tests
		1 Introduction
		2 Experimental Setup
		3 Experimental Tests
		4 Tests Discussion
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Electrochemical Impedance Parameter Extraction for Online Control of Reformed Methanol High Temperature PEM Fuel Cells
		1 Introduction
		2 Experimental Procedure
		3 Discussion
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Multi-objective Optimization of a DC-DC Boost Converter Including Control Strategy and Stability Constraint
		1 Introduction
		2 System Description
		3 Optimization Algorithm and Independent Variables
		4 Control Strategy
		5 Capacitor Design
		6 Objective Functions
		7 Constraint Functions
		8 Optimization and Simulation Results
		9 Conclusions
		References
	Performance Testing of a Piezoelectric Device for Extracting Energy from Vibrations
		1 Introduction
		2 Mechanical Configuration
		3 Piezoelectric Patch Production
		4 Conversion System
		5 Experimental Setup
		6 Results and Discussion
		7 Conclusions
		References
	Hybrid DC-DC Converters with Topology Morphing Control and Post-fault Operation Capability
		1 Introduction
		2 Generalized Operation Principle of the Semi-active Hybrid Rectifier
			2.1 Full-Bridge Rectifier (FBR) Mode
			2.2 Voltage Doubler Rectifier (VDR) Mode
		3 Experimental Results
			3.1 Steady-State Waveforms
			3.2 Power Conversion Efficiency
			3.3 Efficiency Optimization by Topology Morphing Control (TMC)
			3.4 Post-fault Reconfiguration Test
		4 Active Reconfigurable Rectifier as a Power Electronic Building Block for Bidirectional Hybrid DC–DC Converters
		5 Conclusions and Future Work
		References
	Generator Topologies for Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine
		1 Introduction
		2 Tidal Current Source
		3 Tidal Current Conversion Systems
		4 Review of Electrical Generator Technologies
			4.1 Induction Generator (IG)
			4.2 Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
			4.3 Synchronous Generator (SG)
		5 Marine Current Turbine Technologies
		6 Conclusions
		References
Part IV Advances in Photovoltaic Applications
	Real-Time Procedure to Detect Losses in Photovoltaic Generators Using the Instantaneous and the Translated Performance Ratio
		1 Introduction
		2 Proposed Methodology
		3 Model Validation and Experimental Results
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Matlab/Simulink Interface Design and Implementation for PV Arrays Reconfiguration
		1 Introduction
			1.1 Reconfiguration of Photovoltaic Arrays
		2 Proposed Application of Modeling Procedure
			2.1 Modeling Procedure
			2.2 Identification of Connection Matrices
			2.3 Obtainment of the Optimum Configuration Scheme
		3 Performance of the Proposed Application
			3.1 Experimental Setup
				3.1.1 Reconfiguration Board
				3.1.2 Interface Design with Arduino
			3.2 Experimental Results
		4 Conclusion
		References
	Experimental Verification of a Method to Model the Operation of PV Modules During Irradiance Transitions
		1 Introduction
		2 Methods
			2.1 Simulation Model for the PV Modules
			2.2 Irradiance Transitions
		3 Results
			3.1 Accuracy of the One-Diode Model
			3.2 Accuracy of the Irradiance Transition Model
			3.3 Discussion
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Optimal Power Dispatching in the DC Microgrid with Clear Sky Irradiance Model
		1 Introduction
		2 Weather Forecast
			2.1 Clear Sky Irradiance Model
			2.2 Météo-France Forecast
			2.3 Case Study
		3 Prediction in the Optimization Problem for DC Microgrid Power Dispatching
		4 Simulation Validation
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Centralized Control in Photovoltaic Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking Systems
		1 Introduction
		2 System Description
		3 Joint Operation of DMPPT and CMPPT
			3.1 Background
			3.2 Proposed Centralized Multi-Variable Control
		4 Simulation Results
			4.1 DC Bus Voltage Control
			4.2 Dynamic Performance of the Proposed Control Algorithm
		5 Conclusion
		References
	Optimal PV Panel Reconfiguration Using Wireless Irradiance Distributed Sensing
		1 Introduction
		2 Analytical Irradiance Extraction
			2.1 One Diode Circuital Model for PV Cells and Arrays
			2.2 Closed-Form Irradiance Formulation
		3 Shading Compensation Techniques
			3.1 Bypass Diodes
			3.2 Reconfiguration Techniques
		4 Smart Switching Reconfiguration: Method and Results
		5 Implementation on a Low-Cost 32-Bit MCU
			5.1 Irradiance Estimation Equipment
			5.2 Switching Matrix Control
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Unity Efficiency and Low-Cost MPPT Method for Single-Stage Grid-Connected PV System
		1 Introduction
		2 Grid-Connected PV System Modeling
			2.1 Description of the Controlled Grid-Connected PV System
			2.2 PV Panel Model
			2.3 Grid-Connected PWM Inverter Modeling
			2.4 Unity Power Factor Operation
		3 ADALINE-Based MPPT
			3.1 The ADALINE Theory
			3.2 Proposed MPPT Method
		4 Simulation Results
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Distributed Converters in Large PV Plants: Performance Analysis Supported by Behavioral Models
		1 Introduction
		2 Case Study
		3 Behavioral Modeling Approach
			3.1 Integrated State-Space Average Model
			3.2 Parameter Identification
		4 Performance Analysis in Case Study
			4.1 Implementation and Accuracy of the Behavioral Model
			4.2 Execution Time Performance
			4.3 DC Cable Voltage Drops
		5 Performance Analysis in Case Study
			5.1 Daily PR of the PV Arrays in the Experimental Subfield
			5.2 Central Inverter Operation
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Diagnose Algorithm and Fault Characterization for Photovoltaic Arrays: A Simulation Study
		1 Introduction
		2 Assumptions and Models
		3 Characterization of Fault Conditions
			3.1 Short-Circuit Faults
			3.2 Open-circuit
		4 Simulation Experiment
			4.1 Fault 1: Short-Circuited PV Module
			4.2 Fault 2: Short-Circuit to Ground
			4.3 Fault 3: Open-Circuit
		5 Algorithm for the Diagnosis Based on Rules for the PV Array
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Computation of the Lambert W Function in Photovoltaic Modeling
		1 Introduction
		2 Single-Diode PV Model
		3 Calculation of the Lambert W Function
			3.1 The MATLAB lambertw Function
			3.2 The Asymptotic Formula
			3.3 The Hybrid Calculation Formula
			3.4 The Simple Approximation Formula
			3.5 The Analytical Approximation Formula
		4 Simulation Results
			4.1 Evaluation at Real Positive Arguments
			4.2 Evaluation of the I-V Curve of a PV Array
		5 Experimental Results
		6 Conclusions
		Appendix
		References
Part V Advances in Power Electronics for Energy Storage and Hardware Emulation
	Lithium-Ion Capacitors: Characterization and Modeling at Both High and Low Temperatures
		1 Introduction
		2 Experimental Procedure
			2.1 In Frequency Domain
			2.2 In Time Domain
		3 Results and Discussion
			3.1 Ragone Plot
				3.1.1 Ragone Plot for LIC 3300 F
				3.1.2 Comparison Between LIC, Battery, and Supercapacitor
			3.2 Nyquist Plot
				3.2.1 At Low Temperatures
				3.2.2 At High Temperatures
			3.3 Capacitance vs Voltage
			3.4 Modeling and Test
				3.4.1 Model
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Theoretical Comparison Analysis of Six-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter Based on SiC Semiconductor and Inverse Coupled Inductor for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle
		1 Introduction
		2 Theoretical Comparison Analysis of the Proposed Converter
			2.1 Comparison Analysis of Inductor Current
			2.2 Comparison Analysis of Fuel Cell Stack Current
			2.3 Comparison Analysis of Inductor Volume
			2.4 Comparison Analysis of Converter Efficiency
		3 Conclusion
		References
	Spatial and Temporal Temperature Homogenization in an Automotive Lithium-Ion Pouch Cell Battery Module
		Abbreviations
		1 Introduction
		2 Temperature-Dependent Aging and Performance
			2.1 Aging Phenomena
			2.2 Aging Mechanisms and Their Temperature Dependency
			2.3 Impact on Cycle Life for Elevated Temperatures
		3 Module Concept and Construction
			3.1 Description of the Concept and Construction
			3.2 Integration of Advanced Thermal Material Solutions
				3.2.1 Panasonic Pyrolytic Graphite Sheets (PGS)
				3.2.2 Hutchinson PCM PCsMart®
				3.2.3 Hutchinson Gap Filler Material
				3.2.4 Polytec PT Thermal Conductive Adhesive
			3.3 Temporal and Spatial Temperature Homogenization
		4 Experimental Setup and Test Procedure
		5 Results and Discussion
			5.1 Spatial Temperature Homogenization
			5.2 Maximum Thermal Resistance
			5.3 Overhead Evaluation and Specifications
		6 Conclusion
		References
	A Two-Level Fuzzy Logic Machine-Based Control Algorithm for Resilient Microgrids in ICT Applications
		1 Introduction
		2 Numerical Simulations
			2.1 Data Overview
			2.2 Implementation of First-Layer FLM: Raw Signals from Weather Forecast—Collection and Treatment
			2.3 Second-Layer FLM: Signals from Energy System: Collection and Treatment
		3 Results
			3.1 Analysis of Extreme Cases in Normal Mode
			3.2 Dynamic Behavior of the System to Abrupt Signal Variation
			3.3 Analysis in Emergency Mode: Limits, Constraints, and System Corrections
		4 Conclusions
		References
	Luenberger Observer for Lithium Battery State-of-Charge Estimation
		1 Introduction
		2 Model Formulation
			2.1 Equivalent Circuit Representation
			2.2 Evaluation of Parameters
		3 SOC Estimation
		4 Results
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Coordinated Control of Supercapacitor-Battery Tandem by Smart Converters in Microgrid Scenario
		1 Introduction
		2 The Control Logic
			2.1 Master-Slave Architecture Design
			2.2 BESS-Supercapacitor Coordinated Management
		3 The Proof of Concept
			3.1 First Simulation
			3.2 Second Simulation
		4 Conclusions
		References
Part VI Advances in Batteries and Supercapacitor Technologies, Graphene-Based Devices, and Safety Issues in Electrical Engineering
	Comparison and Modeling of Commercial Supercapacitors via Standardized Potentiostatic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
		1 Introduction
		2 Sample Cells Used for Tests
		3 Preparation for the Test Optimization of Input/Output Cables
			3.1 Test Instrumentation and Procedures
			3.2 First Test with Hose Clamps
			3.3 Test with Lugs
			3.4 Optimized Cable Design
		4 Results and Interpretation of PEIS Tests
			4.1 “A” Supercapacitor Cell
			4.2 “B” Supercapacitor Cell
			4.3 “C” Hybrid Supercapacitor Cell
		5 Test of Standardized Impedance Spectroscopy on All Three Devices
		6 Modeling Capacitive/Resistive Behavior Starting from Impedance Spectroscopy Tests
		7 Conclusions
		References
	Economic Analysis of a Hybrid Storage System Associated to PV Sources and Supervised by Fuzzy Logic Power Management
		1 Introduction
		2 Hybrid Power System Description
		3 Hybrid Storage System Supervisor
			3.1 Supervisor Methodology and Objectives
			3.2 Supervisor with Boolean Method
			3.3 Supervisor with Fuzzy Logic
		4 Financial Parameters of Production and Remuneration
			4.1 Remuneration and Penalties
			4.2 Notion of LCOE
		5 Case Studies and Simulation Results
			5.1 PV Production Profiles
			5.2 Filter Choosing
			5.3 Comparison of Different Storage Configurations
			5.4 Comparison of the Boolean method with the Fuzzy Logic Method
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Development of High-Capacity Lithium Sulfur Batteries
		1 Introduction
		2 Materials and Methods
			2.1 Preparation of the Electrode Tape
			2.2 Synthesis of Li2S8
			2.3 Chemical-Physical Characterization
			2.4 Electrochemical Measurements
		3 Results and Discussion
			3.1 Morphological Characterization of the Electrodes
			3.2 Thermal Characterization of the Electrodes
			3.3 Electrochemical Characterization of the Electrodes
			3.4 EIS Analysis
		4 Conclusions
		References
	An Impedance-Based Life-Monitoring Technique for a Graphene Water Filter
		1 Introduction
		2 The Graphene Filter
		3 The Monitoring System: Principles, Design, and Realization
		4 Results and Discussion
		5 Conclusions
		References
	Multicast Routing Protocol for LoRa Mesh Networks in Safety Critical Communications
		1 Introduction
		2 LoRa Technology as Candidate in Critical Applications
			2.1 LoRa Technology at a Glance
			2.2 Merits and Defects of LoRaWAN and Others Protocols
			2.3 Other Solution
		3 A Different Communication Strategy
			3.1 Technical Specifications
			3.2 Sensor and Actuators Network
			3.3 General Communication Strategy
		4 Communication Handling and Protocol Design
			4.1 Structure of the Routing Tables
			4.2 Management of Communications in States Other than 0
		5 Performance Evaluation
		6 Conclusions
		References
	Investigation on the Fire Hazards of Li-Ion Cells
		1 Introduction
		2 Experimental
			2.1 Cell Composition
			2.2 Experimental Methods
				2.2.1 Cone Calorimeter
				2.2.2 PID: Photoionization Detector
				2.2.3 Test Procedure
		3 Results
		4 Conclusions
		References