Electrical Equipment: A Field Guide

Cover
Half-Title Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Foreword
Preface
1 Introduction
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Electrical Power Supply
	1.3 Classification of Voltages or Voltage Bands
	1.4 Standards Agencies
	1.5 Electrical Standards
	1.6 Abbreviations
	1.7 Constants
	1.8 Types of Maintenance
	1.9 Useful Life of Equipment
2 Transformers
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Types of Transformers
	2.3 Transformer on No Load
	2.4 Transformer on Load
	2.5 Total Equivalent Circuit of Transformer (Referred to Primary Side)
	2.6 Losses in a Transformer
	2.7 Efficiency of Transformer
	2.8 Parallel Operation of Transformers
	2.9 Rating Plate of Transformer
	2.10 Information to Be Given to Purchase a Transformer
	2.11 Tests on Transformer
	2.12 Maintenance of Transformers
	2.13 Troubleshooting Chart for Transformers
	2.14 Latest Trends Opportunities in Transformer Technology
3 Generators
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Alternator
	3.3 Field Poles
	3.4 Construction of Field Poles
	3.5 EMF Equation of Alternator
	3.6 Capability Curve
	3.7 Design of Alternator
	3.8 Rating Plates
	3.9 Voltage Regulation of Synchronous Generator
	3.10 Excitation
	3.11 Connections
	3.12 Neutral Grounding
	3.13 Cooling
	3.14 Short-Circuit Ratio (SCR)
	3.15 Pitch Factor (Kp) or Chording Factor (Kc)
	3.16 Distribution Factor (Kd)
	3.17 Leakage Reactance (X
	)
	3.18 Armature Reaction
	3.19 Operation of Generator When Connected to an Infinite Bus
	3.20 Load Sharing of Grid-Connected Alternator
	3.21 Typical Values of Various Reactances and Time-Constants
	3.22 Load Characteristics of Alternators
	3.23 Salient Pole Machine with Two Reaction Theory
	3.24 Hunting
	3.25 Stability and Swing Equation
	3.26 Prime-Mover Rating Plates
	3.27 Effect of Unbalanced Loads and External Faults
	3.28 Voltage Regulators
	3.29 Parallel Operation of Alternators Under Different Conditions
	3.30 Induction Generator
	3.31 Doubly Fed Induction Generator
	3.32 Latest Trends in TG Technology
	3.33 Maintenance
	3.34 Fault Finding
	3.35 Generator Failure Modes
	3.36 Tests on a Turbo-Generator
	3.37 Tests on Engine-Driven Generator
	3.38 Gaps and Research Opportunities
4 Induction Motors
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Comparison Between Various Types of Motors
	4.3 Working Principle of 3-Phase Induction Motor
	4.4 Construction of SCIM
	4.5 Equivalent Circuit of SCIM
	4.6 Torque-Speed Curve of SCIM
	4.7 T-S Curve for SRIM
	4.8 Torque-Speed Curve of Single-Phase Motor (Split Phase)
	4.9 Name Plate or Rating Plate of SCIM
	4.10 Power Stages of Induction Motor
	4.11 Abnormal Conditions
	4.12 Starting of Induction Motors
	4.13 Speed Control of Induction Motors
	4.14 Deep Cage Induction Motor
	4.15 Double Cage SCIM
	4.16 Selection of Motor Power for an Application
	4.17 Design of Induction Motors
	4.18 Characteristics of Loads
	4.19 Circle Diagram
	4.20 Alignment of Motor with Driven Equipment
	4.21 Shaft and Bearing Currents in Large Motors
	4.22 Special Motors for Hazardous/Explosive Areas
	4.23 Identification of 3-Phase Winding Leads
	4.24 Tests on Induction Motor
	4.25 Maintenance
	4.26 Trouble-Shooting
	4.27 Heating and Cooling Curves of Induction Motor
	4.28 Smart Motors
	4.29 Single-Phase Induction Motors
	4.30 Information to Be Given to Purchase a 3-Phase Induction Motor
	4.31 Protection Against Faults
	4.32 Motors for Electrical Vehicles
	4.33 Future Scope
5 Circuit Breakers and Contactors
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Arcing Phenomenon
	5.3 Types of Circuit Breakers
	5.4 AC and DC CBs
	5.5 DCCB
	5.6 CB Contacts
	5.7 Selection of CB
	5.8 Operation of CBs
	5.9 Name Plate of CBs
	5.10 Tests on CB
	5.11 Information to Be Given to Purchase a CB
	5.12 Maintenance of CB
	5.13 Contactors
	5.14 MCB, MCCB and RCCB
6 Protection and Measurement Systems
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Desirable Characteristics of Protective Device
	6.3 Current Transformer
	6.4 Voltage Transformer
	6.5 Measuring Instruments
	6.6 Multi-Function Meter
	6.7 Desirable Characteristics of Meters
	6.8 Meter Symbols and Codes
	6.9 AVO or Multimeter
	6.10 Meter Calibration Reports
7 Earthing and Lightning
	7.1 Earthing
	7.2 Earthing, Grounding and Bonding
	7.3 System Neutral Grounding
	7.4 LV Neutral Earthing
	7.5 Types of Earth Electrodes
	7.6 Measurement of Earth Resistance
	7.7 General Guidelines on Earthing
	7.8 Lightning Arrester
	7.9 Protection Against Lightning
	7.10 Definitions
	7.11 Name Plate of LA
	7.12 Protective Devices Against Lightning Surges
	7.13 Surge Protective Device (SPD)
	7.14 Lightning Conductor Size
	7.15 Inspection and Maintenance of Lightning Protection System
	7.16 Testing of LA
8 Fuses
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Terms Used in the Fuse Field
	8.3 Cut-Off Characteristic of Fuse
	8.4 Fuse Law (Prece’s Law)
	8.5 Types of Fuses
	8.6 Application Categories and TCC of Fuses
	8.7 Discrimination between an Over Current Relay and Fuse
	8.8 Semi-Conductor Fuse
	8.9 Examples of Selection of Fuse
	8.10 Symbols of Fuse Letter Code
	8.11 Desirable Characteristics of Fuse
	8.12 Tests Recommended on Fuses
	8.13 Market Models of Fuses
9 Protective Relays
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Terms Used in Relaying
	9.3 Types of Protection
	9.4 Types of Relays
	9.5 Relay Block Diagrams of Three Generations
	9.6 IDMT Relay Calculations
	9.7 Inverse – Time Over-Current Relays
	9.8 Comparison between Three Generation Relays
	9.9 Thermal Overload Relays
	9.10 Protections of Various Electrical Equipment
	9.11 Relay Settings
	9.12 Protection System Failure Modes
	9.13 Maintenance of Relays
	9.14 Field Testing
	9.15 Relay Co-Ordination
	9.16 Protective Device Numbers
	9.17 Challenges and Opportunities
10 Cables and Overhead Conductors
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Conducting Materials
	10.3 Cable Insulating Material
	10.4 Construction of Cables
	10.5 Overhead Conductor versus Cable
	10.6 Comparison between PVC and XLPE Cables
	10.7 De-Rating Factors
	10.8 Special Cables
	10.9 FRLS Cable Properties
	10.10 Methods of Cable Laying
	10.11 Identification Codes of Cables
	10.12 Selection of Cable
	10.13 Rule of Thumb for Industrial Work
	10.14 Fault Location Methods
	10.15 Maintenance on Cables
	10.16 Cable Jointing
	10.17 Tests on PVC Cables
	10.18 Tests on XLPE Cables
	10.19 Overhead Lines
	10.20 FACTS
11 Solar Photovoltaics
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Solar Energy
	11.3 Forms of Energy Resources
	11.4 Solar Spectrum
	11.5 Solar Energy Fundamentals
	11.6 I-V and P-V Curves
	11.7 Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants
	11.8 Modelling of PV Modules
	11.9 Performance Indicators
	11.10 Maximum Power Point Tracking
	11.11 Rating Plates of SPP
	11.12 Opportunities and Future Scope
12 Storage Batteries
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Faraday’s Law of Electrolysis
	12.3 Types of Batteries
	12.4 Dry Cell
	12.5 Technical Terms
	12.6 Secondary Batteries
	12.7 Lead – Acid Battery
	12.8 Nickel-Cadmium Batteries
	12.9 Lithium Batteries
	12.10 Latest Trends in Energy Storage Field
	12.11 Maintenance
	12.12 Some Other Notable Points on Battery
	12.13 Batteries for Electric Vehicles
	12.14 Smart Battery
	12.15 Future Outlook
13 Computer Aided Studies in Power Systems (CASiPS)
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 E-TAP
	13.3 EDSA
	13.4 PV Syst
	13.5 Power Factory
	13.6 Matlab-Simulink
14 Lighting
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Definitions
	14.3 Type of Lighting Technologies
	14.4 Estimation of Illumination
	14.5 Recommended Illumination Levels
	14.6 Lamps Rating Plate
	14.7 Fluorescent Lamp Colour Temperatures
15 Electrical Safety
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Hazards and Effects of Electric Current
	15.3 Electric Shock
	15.4 Permit to Work System and Qualification and Training
	15.5 Personnel Protective Equipment and Devices
Index
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