Electrical Engineering Fundamentals

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments and Credits
Author
Chapter 1 Fundamental Electrical Engineering Concepts and Principles
	Introduction
	Voltage or EMF ( Electromotive Force)
	Current
	Resistance
		Resistors in Series
		Resistors in Parallel
	Electrical Short and Open Circuit
	Capacitor, Capacitance, and Capacitive Reactance
		Capacitors in Series
		Capacitors in Parallel
	Capacitive Reactance
	Inductor, Inductance, and Inductive Reactance
		Series Inductor Combination
		Parallel Combination of Inductors
	Inductive Reactance
	Impedance
	Magnetic Circuits versus Electrical Circuits
	Basic Electrical Instruments
		Multi-meter
		Clamp-on Ammeter or Clamp Meter
		Oscilloscope/ Scope Meter
	Self-Assessment Problems and Questions – Chapter 1
Chapter 2 DC Circuit Analysis, Diodes, and Transistors – BJT, MOSFET, and IGBT
	Introduction
	Ohm’s Law
	Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
		Approach I
		Approach II
	Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
		Approach I
		Approach II
	Voltage Division
	Current Division
	Multi-loop Circuit Analysis
	Circuit Analysis Using Cramer’s Rule and Linear Algebra
	Superposition Theorem
	Thevenin Equivalent
	Norton Equivalent
	Diodes
	Special Purpose Diodes
	Common Applications of Diodes
		Half-Wave Rectifier
		Full-Wave Rectifier
		Transistors
		Electronic Device Applications on Printed Circuit Boards
	Self-Assessment Problems and Questions – Chapter 2
Chapter 3 Alternating Current
	Introduction
	Alternating Current (AC) versus Direct Current (DC)
	Electrodeposition – DC and the Average Value of AC
	Alternating Current and Impedance
	Mathematical and Geometric Representation of Complex AC Entities
		Polar or Phasor Form
		Rectangular Form
		Sinusoidal or Trigonometric Form
		Exponential Form
	Impedance Analysis
		Entity “j” in AC
	Transformers
	Common Single-Phase AC Transformer Applications
	Autotransformers
	Voltage Regulation, Voltage Regulators, and Buck–Boost Transformers
	Three-Phase AC
	Three-Phase AC Systems versus Single-Phase AC Systems
	Current Transformers
	Three-Phase AC Transformers
	Three-Phase Δ–Δ Transformer Configuration
	Three-Phase Δ–Y Transformer Configuration
	Three-Phase Y–Δ Transformer Configuration
	Three-Phase Y–Y Transformer Configuration
	Self-Assessment Problems and Questions – Chapter 3
Chapter 4 DC and AC Power, Efficiency, and Energy Flow
	Introduction
	Power
	Electric Motor Horsepower Required to Move/Convey Mass
	DC Power
	Single-Phase AC Power
	Three-Phase AC Power
	Efficiency
	Power Conversion from Steam to Electrical Form – Steam to Wire
	Power Conversion from Water to Electrical Form – Water to Wire
	Power Conversion in Hydraulic Pump Systems – Wire to Water Transformation of Power and Energy
	Self-Assessment Problems and Questions – Chapter 4
Chapter 5 Power Factor and Its Significance in Practical Applications
	Introduction
		ELI the ICE Man
	Power Factor
	Lagging Power Factor
		Lagging Power Factor – Impedance Perspective
	Leading Power Factor and Impedance
	Power Factor Correction
		Addition of Capacitance or Capacitive Reactance
		Automatic Switching PF Correcting Capacitor System
			General Information on Power Factor and the Application of Power Factor Correcting Capacitors
		Addition of Inductance or Inductive Reactance to Correct for Leading Power Factor
		Frequency Manipulation Approach for Correction of Power Factor
		Utilization of Synchronous Motors or Generator for Power Factor Correction
	Self-Assessment Problems and Questions – Chapter 5
Chapter 6 Power Quality and Power Management
	Introduction
	Demand
	Peak Demand
	Load Factor
	Service Factor
	Computation of Large Industrial or Commercial Electrical Power Bills
	Self-Assessment Problems and Questions – Chapter 6
Chapter 7 Electrical Machines – Motors and Generators
	Introduction
	DC Generator
	DC Motor
	AC Alternator
	AC Induction Motor
	Motor Slip
	Motor Torque and Power
	Single-Phase and Three-Phase Motor Line Current Computation
		Single-Phase AC Induction Motor Current
		Three-Phase AC Induction Motor Current
	Synchronous Motors
	Motor Starting Methods for Induction Motors
	DC Motor Speed Control
	AC Motor Speed Control
	Motor Classifications
	Typical Motor Nameplate Information for Large Three-Phase Induction Motor
	Self-Assessment Problems and Questions – Chapter 7
Chapter 8 Electrical Power Distribution and Control Equipment, and Safety-Related Devices
	Introduction
	Voltage Categories in Power Distribution Systems
		Low-Voltage Systems
		Medium-Voltage Systems
		High-Voltage Systems
		Extra High-Voltage ( EHV) Systems
		Ultra-High Voltage Systems
	Power Equipment Measurement Categories
	MCCs or Motor Control Centers
		NEMA Enclosure Types
		MCC Bus Bars and Bus Connections
		Horizontal Ground Bus
		Vertical Ground Bus
		Incoming Lug Compartment
		Main Fusible Disconnect Switch
		Main Circuit Breaker
		Stab Assembly
		Unit Grounding Provisions
		Unit Handle
		Unit Interlock
		Motor Starter
		Pilot Devices
		FVR, Full Voltage Reversing Starter and Variety of Other Power Control Devices
		Variable Frequency Drives – Up to 250 hP
		Smart Motor Controllers ( SMCs) – Up to 500 A
		Motor Soft Starts
		Comparison between SMCs, VFDs, and Soft Starts
		PLC and I/ O Chassis
	Metering Units
		Main Switch Yard and Medium-Voltage Switchgear
		Medium-Voltage Switchgear – Loop Switch
		Power Factor Correcting Capacitors and Step-Down Transformer, Main Switch Yard
	Circuit Breakers
	Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers
	Medium-Voltage Circuit Breakers
	High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
	Self-Assessment Questions – Chapter 8
Chapter 9 National Electric Code® and Arc- Flash Electrical Safety Standards
	Introduction
	NEC® Articles
		Art. 90 – Introduction to NEC® and Outline
		Art. 100 – Definitions
		Art. 110.6. – Conductor Sizes, AWG, and Circular Mils
		Article 110. 16 – Arc- Flash Hazard Warning
		Art. 110. 26 – Clearances and Working Space Requirements
		Art. 210 – Branch Circuits
		Art. 210. 9 – Circuits Derived from Autotransformers
		Art 210. 20 – Overcurrent Protection
		Art. 240 – Overcurrent Protection
		Art. 240.50–240. 101 – Circuit Breaker and Fuse Types
		Art. 250 – Grounding and Bonding
		Art. 310 – Conductors and General Wiring
		Art. 358 – Electrical Metallic Tubing: Type EMT
		Art. 408 – Switchboards and Panelboards
		Art. 500. 5 – Classifications of Locations
		Art. 600 – Electric Signs and Outlet Lighting
		Art. 700 – Emergency Systems
		Art. 800 – Communication Systems
		Chapter 9 – Tables
		Ampacity of Conductors – Table 310- 15
	Arc Flash
		Physical and Thermal Background of Arc Flash
	Arc- Flash PPE
		PPE, for Incident Energy of 1.2–12 cal/cm[sup(2)]
		PPE, for Incident Energy Greater Than 12 cal/cm[sup(2)]
	Electrical Safety Certifications
		Other, Common Safety Certifications
		Additional Information on NEMA® and IP Ratings
		NEMA® versus IP Enclosure Ratings
		Common Acronyms Associated with Electrical Standards Organizations
	Common Electrical/Electronic Safety Devices
		Safety E- Stop Devices
		Safety Light Curtain System
		AAC (Area Access Control)
		Cable Pull Switches
		Key Interlock Solenoid Switches
		GuardMat™ Safety Mats
		GuardEdge™ Safety Edges
		Safety PLCs
		Safety Relays
	Self- Assessment Problems and Questions – Chapter 9
Chapter 10 Electrical Drawings and PLC Relay Ladder Logic Program
	Introduction
	Electrical Drawings
		One-Line Schematic Diagram
			Examination of Branch Circuit D2
			Examination of Branch Circuit D5
			Examination of Branch Circuit D4
		Wiring Diagram
		Control Diagram/Drawing
			Input Control Diagram
			Output Control Diagram
	Relay Ladder Logic
	Self-Assessment Problems and Questions – Chapter 10
Chapter 11 Electrical Power Bill Calculation and Electrical Energy Cost Reduction
	Introduction
	Four-Faceted Approach to Electrical Energy Cost Reduction
	Electric Utility Rate Schedules
		Schedule RS (NC)
		Monthly Rate
		Schedule OPT-I (NC)
		Rates under OPT-I Schedule
		Determination of Billing Demand
		Power Factor Correction
	Hourly Pricing Option/Schedule
	Areas of Opportunity for Electrical Energy Cost Savings
		Schedule or Rider SG, On-Site Generation
		Schedule or Rider IS, Interruptible Power Service
		Tips on Utility Rate Schedules and Contracts
	Energy Performance Contracting and ESCO Opportunities
		Electrical Energy-Related Measures Typically Included in ESCO or EPC Endeavors
	Self-Assessment Problems and Questions – Chapter 11
Chapter 12 Batteries and Capacitors as Energy Storage Devices
	Introduction
	Battery Classifications
	Primary Batteries
	Secondary Batteries
		Li–Ion Battery
		Lead–Acid or SLI Battery
	Construction, Composition, and Operation of a Common Lead–Acid Battery
		Specific Energy
		Energy Density
		Specific Power
	Comparison of Electrical Energy and Charge Storage Systems
		Energy or Charge Storage Device Comparison – Specific Energy Perspective
		Energy or Charge Storage Device Comparison – Specific Power Perspective
		Energy or Charge Storage Device Comparison – Duration of Energy Supply and Storage Perspective
		Specific Energy and Energy Density Comparison between Lead–Acid and Other Contemporary Batteries
	Cost Comparison of Major Secondary Batteries
	Universal Symbol for Battery
	Discharging Characteristics of Batteries
		Depth of Discharge
	Advantages and Disadvantages, Lithium Ion versus Lead Acid
		Charging
		Self-Discharge Rates
		Specific Power, Specific Energy, and Power Density
	Life Span of Batteries
	C-Rating of Batteries
	Battery Discharge Rate and Nominal Capacity
	Temperature and Battery Discharge Characteristics
	Power and Energy Performance Assessment of Battery
	Safe Discharge Ratings of Batteries
	Power and Energy (Ah) Formulas and Numerical Examples
	Battery Equivalent Circuit
	Battery Voltage Regulation
	Peukert’s Law
	Charging of Secondary Batteries
	Gassing Voltage and Maintenance of Lead–Acid Secondary Batteries
		Single-Step Constant Current Charging
		Multi-step Constant Current Charging
		Constant Voltage Charging
		Modified Constant Voltage Charging
	Batteries – The Future
	Self-Assessment Problems/ Questions
Appendix A: Solutions for End-of-Chapter Self-Assessment Problems
Appendix B: Common Units and Unit Conversion Factors
Appendix C: Greek Symbols Commonly Used in Electrical Engineering
Index