Electrical energy storage for buildings in smart grids

Cover......Page 1
Electrical Energy Storage forBuildings in Smart Grids......Page 3
Copyright Page......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Foreword......Page 11
Introduction......Page 13
  1.1.1. The move to decentralize electrical grids......Page 20
  1.1.2. Smart grids......Page 21
 1.2. Storage requirements in buildings......Page 23
 1.3. Difficulties in storing electrical energy......Page 24
  1.4.1. Building supply and consumption......Page 26
  1.4.2. Self-production and self-consumption......Page 29
  1.4.3. Micro-grids......Page 30
 1.5. Smart buildings......Page 33
 1.6. Smart cities......Page 37
  1.7.1. Toward new economic models......Page 38
  1.7.2. Social acceptability......Page 39
 1.8. Storage management......Page 41
 1.9. Methodologies used in developing energy management for storage systems......Page 43
  2.2.1. Introduction......Page 45
  2.2.2. System characteristics......Page 46
  2.2.3. Electricity billing......Page 49
  2.2.4. Objectives of the energy management strategy......Page 50
  2.2.5. Fuzzy logic supervisor......Page 51
  2.2.6. Simulation......Page 64
  2.2.7. Performance analysis using indicators......Page 67
 2.3. Conclusion......Page 69
 2.4. Acknowledgments......Page 70
 3.1. Introduction......Page 71
 3.2. DC network architecture......Page 73
  3.3.1. Specification......Page 74
  3.3.2. System inputs/outputs......Page 76
  3.3.3. Functional graph......Page 77
  3.3.4. Determination of membership functions......Page 79
  3.3.6. Fuzzy rules......Page 81
 3.4. Simulation results......Page 84
  3.4.1. Case 1: favorable grid access conditions (GAC)......Page 86
  3.4.2. Case 2: unfavorable GACs......Page 87
  3.4.3. Case 3: variable GAC......Page 88
  3.4.4. Comparison of results......Page 91
 3.5. Conclusion......Page 92
 3.6. Acknowledgments......Page 93
 4.1. Introduction......Page 94
  4.2.1. Context and economic issues......Page 95
  4.2.2. Examples of projects......Page 97
  4.3.2. Photovoltaic systems connected to the grid......Page 102
  4.3.3. Hybrid storage......Page 103
  4.3.4. Electronic conversion structures for hybrid storage......Page 105
  4.4.1. Case study......Page 108
  4.4.2. Principles and standards for frequency support......Page 110
  4.4.3. Calculating battery wear......Page 114
  4.5.1. Methodology......Page 116
  4.5.2. Operating specifications......Page 117
  4.5.3. Supervisor structure and determination of input/output......Page 118
  4.5.4. Functional graphs......Page 120
  4.5.5. Membership functions......Page 122
  4.5.6. Operating graphs......Page 125
  4.5.7. Fuzzy rules......Page 127
  4.5.8. Evaluation indicators......Page 130
 4.6. Simulation results......Page 131
  4.6.1. Supervisor validation......Page 132
  4.6.2. Life expectancy of storage elements......Page 137
  4.6.3. Efficiency......Page 140
  4.6.4. Levelized cost of energy......Page 143
  4.7.1. Definition of tests......Page 145
  4.7.2. Experimental results......Page 146
 4.8. Conclusion......Page 149
 4.9. Acknowledgments......Page 151
 5.1. Introduction......Page 152
 5.2. Actor diversity in smart grids......Page 154
  5.3.1. Introduction......Page 155
  5.3.2. Implications of smart grids for the value chain......Page 158
  5.3.3. The “downstream” role of smart grids......Page 167
  5.3.4. The “upstream” role of smart grids......Page 177
  5.3.5. Demand management programs......Page 183
  5.4.1. Introduction......Page 186
  5.4.2. Conceptual frameworks: points of reference......Page 187
  5.4.3. Studies of social acceptability......Page 191
  5.4.4. Theoretical application of voluntary load reduction within a reference framework......Page 198
  5.4.5. Quality of the load reduction contract......Page 208
 5.5. Conclusion......Page 212
 5.6. Acknowledgments......Page 213
 6.1. Introduction......Page 214
  6.2.1. Grid actors......Page 215
  6.2.2. Energy service aggregator......Page 216
  6.2.3. Case study: structure of the micro-grid......Page 218
  6.2.4. Consumption and production profiles of actors in the micro-grid......Page 220
 6.3. Management of energy mutualization for tertiary buildings, residential buildings and energy producers......Page 222
  6.3.1. Objectives and constraints of actors in the micro-grid......Page 223
  6.3.2. Supervisor structure: input and output variables......Page 227
  6.3.3. Functional graphs......Page 228
  6.3.4. Membership functions......Page 229
  6.3.6. Fuzzy rules......Page 234
  6.4.1. Characteristics of the micro-grid......Page 238
  6.4.2. Scenarios......Page 239
  6.5.1. Load reduction principle......Page 245
  6.5.2. Introduction to load reduction and acceptability......Page 246
  6.5.3. Simulation of energy management with load reduction......Page 248
 6.7. Acknowledgments......Page 250
 6.8. Appendix 1......Page 251
 7.1. Introduction......Page 252
  7.2.1. Electric grid management: basic principles......Page 259
  7.2.2. The move toward smart grids......Page 260
  7.2.3. A few applications of micro-grids for managing local energy communities......Page 263
  7.3.2. Limits and necessary developments......Page 266
  7.3.3. Cascade structure......Page 267
  7.3.4. Domestic application......Page 268
  7.3.5. Energy management of the DC bus......Page 271
  7.3.6. Energy management of ultracapacitors......Page 278
  7.4.1. Organization of electrical grid management......Page 280
  7.4.2. Key functions......Page 281
  7.4.4. Fundamentals of power balancing......Page 285
  7.5.1. From managing domestic demand to managing domestic production......Page 287
  7.5.2. Residential grids and application of micro-grid concepts......Page 290
  7.5.3. Energy management of a micro-grid......Page 294
  7.6.1. Predicting PV production......Page 295
  7.6.2. Load prediction......Page 296
  7.6.3. Energy estimation......Page 298
  7.7.2. Constraints......Page 300
  7.7.3. Determinist algorithm for generator use......Page 301
  7.7.4. Practical application......Page 304
  7.8.1. Reducing observed deviations......Page 306
  7.8.2. Energy management to minimize the aging of batteries......Page 307
  7.9.2. Power balancing strategies in the active generator......Page 309
  7.10.1. Benefits of real-time simulation......Page 311
  7.10.2. The Electrical Power Management Lab......Page 312
  7.10.3. Experimental implementation......Page 314
  7.10.4. Analysis of self-consumption in a house......Page 317
  7.10.5. Increasing the proportion of PV use in a residential grid......Page 323
 7.11. Review of scientific contributions and methodological summary......Page 329
 7.12. Concluding thoughts and research perspectives......Page 330
 8.1. Introduction......Page 333
  8.2.1. Vehicle to Grid......Page 335
  8.2.2. Vehicle to Home and to Building......Page 339
  8.2.3. Vehicle to Station and energy hubs......Page 340
  8.3.1. Services supplied by V2G......Page 341
  8.3.2. Energy management of a V2G fleet......Page 344
  8.4.1. Impact and contribution of EVs in a railway station carpark......Page 356
  8.4.2. V2S: contribution of V2G technology in a station parking lot......Page 360
 8.5. V2H......Page 364
 8.6. Conclusion......Page 368
  8.8.1. Detailed functional graphs for the V2G application......Page 369
References......Page 371
Index......Page 385
Other titles frominEnergy......Page 388