Electrical and Electronic Devices, Circuits, and Materials: Technological Challenges and Solutions

Cover
Half-Title Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Part I: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
	1 Strain Engineering in Modern Field Effect Transistors
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Theory of Strain Technology
			1.2.1 Stress and Strain
			1.2.2 Stress Matrix for Biaxial and Uniaxial Stress
			1.2.3 Impact of Strain on MOSFET Parameters
		1.3 Simulation Studies in Strain Technology
		1.4 Experimental Studies on Strain Technology
		1.5 Summary and Future Scope
		Future Scope
		Acknowledgement
		References
	2 Design and Optimization of Heterostructure Double Gate Tunneling Field Effect Transistor for Ultra Low Power Circuit and System
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Fundamental of Device Physics
			2.2.1 Basic Working Principles of TFET
			2.2.2 Kane’s Model
		2.3 Analysis Approach and Device Parameters
		2.4 Switching Behavior of TFET
		2.5 Results and Discussion
		2.6 Conclusion
		Acknowledgement
		References
	3 Polymer Electrolytes: Development and Supercapacitor Application
		3.1 Introduction
			3.1.1 The Basic Principle and Types of Supercapacitors
			3.1.2 Key Characteristics of the Electrolyte
			3.1.3 Polymer Electrolytes and Types
			3.1.4 Modification Strategies for Polymer Electrolytes
		3.2 Preparation and Characterization Techniques
		3.3 Latest Developments
		3.4 Summary
		References
	4 Tunable RF/Microwave Filter with Fractal DGS
		Tunable RF/Microwave Filter with Fractal DGS
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Literature Review
			4.2.1 Planar Reconfigurable Filters
		4.3 Proposed Work
			4.3.1 Design of Hairpin Bandpass Filter
			4.3.2 Design of Hairpin Bandpass Filter with Fractal DGS
			4.3.3 Design of Tunable Hairpin Bandpass Filter with Fractal DGS
		4.4 Conclusion
		Acknowledgement
		References
	5 GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor Device Technology for RF and High-Power Applications
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 HEMT Structures
			5.2.1 GaAs-Based HEMTs
			5.2.2 InP-Based HEMTs
			5.2.3 GaN-Based HEMTs
		5.3 Polarization Impact and Creation of 2DEG in GaN HEMT
			5.3.1 Polarization Effect
			5.3.2 Formation of 2DEG
		5.4 GaN-Based HEMT Performance Affecting Factors
			5.4.1 Surface Passivation
			5.4.2 Parasitic Effects
			5.4.3 Field Plate Engineering Technique
			5.4.4 Impact of Barrier Layer
		5.5 Conclusion
		References
	6 Design and Analyses of a Food Protein Sensing System Based on Memristive Properties
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Background
			6.2.1 Principle of a Memristor
			6.2.2 Bio-Memristors
			6.2.3 Applications of Memristors
		6.3 Motivation
		6.4 Experimental Set-Up
		6.5 Experimental Methodology and Preliminary Validation
			6.5.1 Experimental Methodology
			6.5.2 Preliminary Validation
		6.6 Sensitivity Parameters
			6.6.1 Resistance-Based Sensitivity (Sr)
			6.6.2 Point Slope-Based Sensitivity (Sm)
			6.6.3 Hysteresis-Line Slope Sensitivity
		6.7 Results and Discussion
			6.7.1 Category I: Egg Albumin and Milk
			6.7.2 Category II: Protein Blend
		6.8 Conclusions and Prospects
		References
	7 Design of Low-Power DRAM Cell Using Advanced FET Architectures
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 1T-DRAM (MOS)
		7.3 1T-DRAM (CNT-FET)
		7.4 1T-DRAM (FinFET)
		7.5 1-T DRAM (TFET)
		7.6 Conclusion
		References
	8 Application of Microwave Radiation in Determination of Quality Sensing of Agricultural Products
		8.1 Microwave Heating and its Applications to Agricultural Products
			8.1.1 Principle of Microwave Heating
			8.1.2 Moisture Sensing
			8.1.3 Promoting Germination
			8.1.4 Food Processing
			8.1.5 Weeds, Insects and Pests Control
			8.1.6 Product Conditioning
			8.1.7 Microwave Drying
			8.1.8 Quality Sensing in Fruits and Vegetables
		8.2 Measurement Techniques
			8.2.1 Open-Ended Coaxial Probe – Network Analyzer Technique
			8.2.2 Network Analyzer
		8.3 Dielectric Spectroscopy of Agricultural Products at Different Temperatures
		8.4 Correlation of Dielectric Properties with Nutrients
		8.5 Conclusion
		References
	9 Solar Cell
		Introduction
		9.1 History of Solar Cell
		9.2 Constructional Features of Solar Cell [2]
		9.3 Criteria for Materials to Be Used in Manufacturing of Solar Cell
		9.4 Types of Solar Cells [5]
		9.5 Process of Making Crystals for Solar Cell Manufacturing [2]
		9.6 Glass
		9.7 Cell Combinations
			9.7.1 Series Combination of Solar Cells [4]
			9.7.2 Parallel Combination of Solar Cells [4]
			9.7.3 Series-Parallel Combination of Solar Cells [4]
		9.8 Solar Panels
		9.9 Working of Solar Cell [3]
		9.10 Solar Cell Efficiency
		9.11 Uses/Applications of Solar Cells
		Conclusion
		References
	10 Fabrication of Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (Cu(In,Ga)Se2) Thin Film Solar Cell
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Device Structure of CIGS Thin Film Solar Cell
		10.3 Fabrication and Characterization of CIGS Thin Film Solar Cell
			10.3.1 Effect of Thermally Evaporated CdS Film Thickness on the Operation of CIGS Solar Cell
			10.3.2 Effect of Heat Soaks on CIGS/CdS Hetero-Junction
			10.3.3 Effect of Flash Evaporated CdS Film Thickness on the Performance of CIGS Solar Cell
			10.3.4 Effect of i-ZnO Film Thickness on the Performance of CIGS Solar Cell
		10.4 Conclusion
		References
	11 Parameter Estimation of Solar Cells: A Multi-Objective Approach
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Problem Statement
			11.2.1 SDM
			11.2.2 DDM
		11.3 Methodology
		11.4 Results and Discussions
			11.4.1 Results for the Single-Diode Model
			11.4.2 Results for Double-Diode Model
		11.5 Conclusions
		References
	12 An IoT-Based Smart Monitoring Scheme for Solar PV Applications
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Solar PV Systems
			12.2.1 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems
			12.2.2 Concentrates Solar Power (CSP)
			12.2.3 Solar Water Heater Systems
			12.2.4 Passive Solar Design
			12.2.5 Solar Microgrid System
			12.2.6 Battery
			12.2.7 MPPT
			12.2.8 Inverters & Other Electronic Equipment
			12.2.9 Charge Controller
			12.2.10 Additional Systems Equipment
		12.3 IoT
			12.3.1 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning
			12.3.2 Big Data and Cloud Computing
			12.3.3 Smart Sensors
			12.3.4 Additional Devices for Control and Communication
			12.3.5 Renewable Energy and IoT in Energy Sector
			12.3.6 Application of IoT
		12.4 Remote Monitoring Methods of Solar PV System
			12.4.1 Wireless Monitoring
			12.4.2 Physical/Wired Monitoring
			12.4.3 SCADA Monitoring
			12.4.4 Monitoring Using Cloud Computing
			12.4.5 Monitoring Using IOT
		12.5 Challenges and Issues of Implementation of IoT on Renewable Energy Resources
			12.5.1 Challenges
			12.5.2 Solutions
		12.6 Conclusion
		References
	13 Design of Low-Power Energy Harvesting System for Biomedical Devices
		13.1 Introduction
		13.2 Investigation on Topologies of DC-DC Converter
			13.2.1 Hybrid Source Architecture Based on Synchronous Boost Converter
			13.2.2 Hybrid Source Architecture Using Single-Inductor Dual-Input Single-Output Converter
			13.2.3 Hybrid Source Architecture Employing a Multi-Input DC Chopper
		13.3 Hardware Results
		13.4 Conclusion
		References
	14 Performance Analysis of Some New Hybrid Metaheuristic Algorithms for HighDimensional Optimization Problems
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 An Overview of Proposed Hybrid Methodologies
		14.3 Experimental Results and Discussion
		14.4 Conclusions
		References
	15 Investigation of Structural, Optical and Wettability Properties of Cadmium Sulphide Thin Films Synthesized by Environment Friendly SILAR Technique
		15.1 Introduction
		15.2 Experimental Details
		15.3 Results and Discussion
			15.3.1 Film Formation Mechanism
			15.3.2 Thickness Measurement
			15.3.3 Structural Studies
			15.3.4 Raman Spectroscopy
			15.3.5 Scanning Electron Microscopy
			15.3.6 Optical Studies
			15.3.7 Wettability Studies
		15.4 Conclusion
		15.5 Acknowledgement
		References
Part II: DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION ANDAPPLICATIONS
	16 Solar Photovoltaic Cells
		16.1 Introduction
		16.2 Need for Solar Cells
		16.3 Structure of Solar Cell
		16.4 Solar Cell Classification
			16.4.1 First-Generation Solar Cells
			16.4.2 Second-Generation Solar Cells
			16.4.3 Third-Generation Solar Cells
		16.5 Solar PV Cells
		16.6 Solar Cell Working
		16.7 Mathematical Modelling of Solar Cell
		16.8 Solar Cell Connection Methods
		16.9 Types of Solar PV System
		16.10 Conclusion
		References
	17 An Intelligent Computing Technique for Parameter Extraction of Different Photovoltaic (PV) Models
		17.1 Introduction
		17.2 Problem Formulation
			17.2.1 Single-Diode Model
			17.2.2 Double-Diode Model
			17.2.3 Three-Diode Model
		17.3 Proposed Optimization Technique
			17.3.1 Various Phases of Optimization of Harris Hawks
		17.4 Results and Discussions
		17.5 Conclusions
		References
	18 Experimental Investigation on Wi-Fi Signal Loss by Scattering Property of Duranta Plant Leaves
		18.1 Introduction
			18.1.1 Duranta Golden Plant
			18.1.2 Foliage Loss
		18.2 Measurement and Calculation
			18.2.1 Scattering Feasibility
			18.2.2 Comparison with Tree Shadowing Effect
		18.3 Result and Discussion
		18.4 Conclusions
		References
	19 Multi-Quantum Well-Based Solar Cell
		19.1 Introduction
		19.2 Theoretical Aspects of Solar Cell
		19.3 Device Design and Simulation Setup
		19.4 Results and Discussion
			19.4.1 GaSb/GaAs MQWs Solar Cell
			19.4.2 InGaP/GaAs MQW Solar Cell
			19.4.3 InP/GaAs MQW Solar Cell
			19.4.4 AlGaAs/GaAs MQW Solar Cell
			19.4.5 Optimization
		19.5 Comparative Analysis
		19.6 Conclusion
		References
	20 Mitigation Techniques for Removal of Dust on Solar Photovoltaic System
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Influencing Factors for Deposition of Dust
			20.2.1 Ecological Factors
			20.2.2 Factors Influencing Installation
			20.2.3 Installed Location and Exposure Time
		20.3 Effects of Deposition of Dust on the Solar Panels
			20.3.1 Influence of Electrical Characteristics
			20.3.2 Influence of the Optical Characteristics
			20.3.3 Influence of the Thermal Characteristic
		20.4 Methods of Cleaning System
			20.4.1 Natural Cleaning Method
			20.4.2 Manual Cleaning Method
			20.4.3 Self-Cleaning Method
		20.5 Conclusion
		References
	21 Solid-State Air-Conditioning System Using Photovoltaic Module
		21.1 Introduction
			21.1.1 Thermoelectric Cooler (TEC)
		21.2 Fabrication of the Solid State Air-Conditioning System
			21.2.1 Description of the Proposed Model
			21.2.2 Peltier Effect
			21.2.3 Comparison Between the Existing Framework and Proposed System
		21.3 Hardware Implementation
			21.3.1 8051 Architecture
			21.3.2 Microcontroller PCB
			21.3.3 Photovoltaic Module
			21.3.4 Solar Radiation
			21.3.5 Battery
			21.3.6 Relay
			21.3.7 5×1 Keypad
			21.3.8 Peltier Sensor
			21.3.9 Solenoid Valve
		21.4 Software Analysis
			21.4.1 KEIL Compiler
			21.4.2 Gathering with Cx51
			21.4.3 Running Cx51 from the Command Prompt
			21.4.4 Program for AT89S52
		21.5 Conclusion
		References
	22 Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Film Solar Cell: Fabrication and Characterization
		22.1 Introduction
			22.1.1 Solar Photovoltaics: A Key to Energy Elucidation
			22.1.2 Thin Film Solar Cells
			22.1.3 CZTS Solar Cells
		22.2 Fabrication of Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Film Solar Cell
			22.2.1 Glass Cleaning
			22.2.2 Molybdenum Deposition
			22.2.3 CZTS Thin Film Coating
			22.2.4 CdS Deposition
			22.2.5 ZnO and Al-ZnO Coating
			22.2.6 Chromium/Silver Front Contact Grid
			22.2.7 CZTS Solar Cell Device
		22.3 Characterization of Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Film Solar Cell
			22.3.1 Typical Solar Cell Characterizations
			22.3.2 Current-Voltage (I-V) Measurement
			22.3.3 Quantum Efficiency (QE)
		22.4 Conclusion
		Acknowledgement
		References
	23 Parameter Estimation of Solar Cell Using Gravitational Search Algorithm
		23.1 Introduction
		23.2 Modelling of Photovoltaic Unit
			23.2.1 Two-Diode Structure
		23.3 Formation of Function
		23.4 Gravitational Search Algorithm
			23.4.1 The Gravitational Search Algorithm is Shown in Steps as Follows
		23.5 Review of GSA
		23.6 Application of GSA
		23.7 Summary and Future Scope of Work
		23.8 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
			23.8.1 Steps Involved for Particle Swarm Optimization
		23.9 Results and Discussion
		23.10 Conclusion
		References
	24 Study of the Most Commonly Utilized Maximum Power Point (MPP) Tracking (MPPT) Schemes for SPV Systems
		24.1 Introduction
		24.2 Problem Overview in SPV Power Extraction
		24.3 Modeling of SPV System
		24.4 MPPT Schemes
			24.4.1 Perturb and Observe (P&O)
			24.4.2 Incremental Conductance
			24.4.3 Fuzzy Logic (FL) Based
			24.4.4 Hybrid
		24.5 Conclusion
		References
	25 An Investigation and Design of Symmetric and Asymmetric Inverter for Various Applications
		25.1 Introduction
		25.2 Evaluation of Multilevel Inverters and Its Application in Recent Times
		25.3 Design of 15-Level Inverter With Symmetric Voltage Source
		25.4 Experimentation of 27-Level Symmetric Inverter
		25.5 Design of 31-Level Inverter Using Asymmetric Voltage Sources
			25.5.1 Mathematical Model of 31-Level Inverter
		25.6 Development of 53-Level Inverter Using Packed Structures
		25.7 Summary
		References
	26 A Demand Side Management Controller Configuration for Interleaved DC-DC Converters Applicable for Renewable Energy Sources
		26.1 Introduction
		26.2 Control Method and Proposed Controller Investigation
			26.2.1 Power Sharing and Demand Side Management
		26.3 Simulation Results
		26.4 Experimental Results
		26.5 Conclusion
		References
	27 Applications of Hybrid Wind Solar Battery Based Microgrid for Small-Scale Stand-Alone Systems and Grid Integration for Multi-Feeder Systems
		27.1 Introduction
		27.2 Stand-Alone HRES System
			27.2.1 System Description
			27.2.2 Results and Discussion
			27.2.3 Conclusion
		27.3 Grid-Connected HRES System
			27.3.1 System Description
			27.3.2 Results and Discussion
			27.3.3 Conclusion
		Acknowledgements
		References
	28 Challenging Issues and Solutions on Battery Thermal Management for Electric Vehicles
		28.1 Introduction
		28.2 Principle and Working of Battery
		28.3 Types of Batteries
			28.3.1 Primary or Non-Rechargeable Batteries
			28.3.2 Secondary or Rechargeable Batteries
			28.3.3 Selection of Batteries
		28.4 Thermal Behavior of Batteries
		28.5 Battery Thermal Management Systems
		28.6 Methods of Battery Thermal Management Systems
			28.6.1 Air Cooling BTMS
			28.6.2 Liquid Cooling BTMS
			28.6.3 Refrigerant Direct Cooling System BTMS
			28.6.4 Phase Change Material-Based BTMS
			28.6.5 Heat Pipe-Based BTMS
			28.6.6 Thermoelectric Cooling
		28.7 Conclusion
		References
Index
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