Electric Vehicle Technology Explained

Electric Vehicle Technology Explained......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
Acknowledgments......Page 14
Abbreviations......Page 16
Symbols......Page 18
1.1.1 Early days......Page 22
1.1.2 The relative decline of electric vehicles after 1910......Page 24
1.2 Developments Towards the End of the 20th Century......Page 26
1.3 Types of Electric Vehicle in Use Today......Page 28
1.3.1 Battery electric vehicles......Page 29
1.3.2 The IC engine/electric hybrid vehicle......Page 30
1.3.3 Fuelled electric vehicles......Page 36
1.3.6 Electric vehicles which use flywheels or super capacitors......Page 39
1.4 Electric Vehicles for the Future......Page 41
Bibliography......Page 42
2.1 Introduction......Page 44
2.2.1 Cell and battery voltages......Page 45
2.2.2 Charge (or Amphour) capacity......Page 46
2.2.3 Energy stored......Page 47
2.2.5 Energy density......Page 48
2.2.7 Amphour (or charge) efficiency......Page 49
2.2.12 Battery life and number of deep cycles......Page 50
2.3.1 Lead acid battery basics......Page 51
2.3.2 Special characteristics of lead acid batteries......Page 53
2.3.3 Battery life and maintenance......Page 55
2.4.1 Introduction......Page 56
2.4.2 Nickel cadmium......Page 57
2.4.3 Nickel metal hydride batteries......Page 59
2.5.2 Sodium sulphur batteries......Page 62
2.5.3 Sodium metal chloride (Zebra) batteries......Page 63
2.6.1 Introduction......Page 65
2.6.3 The lithium ion battery......Page 66
2.7.2 The aluminium air battery......Page 67
2.7.3 The zinc air battery......Page 68
2.8.1 Battery chargers......Page 69
2.8.2 Charge equalisation......Page 70
2.9.1 Introduction......Page 72
2.9.2 Batteries which are currently available commercially......Page 73
2.10.3 Battery/battery electric hybrids......Page 74
2.11.1 The purpose of battery modelling......Page 75
2.11.2 Battery equivalent circuit......Page 76
2.11.3 Modelling battery capacity......Page 78
2.11.4 Simulation a battery at a set power......Page 82
2.11.5 Calculating the Peukert Coefficient......Page 85
2.11.6 Approximate battery sizing......Page 86
2.12 In Conclusion......Page 87
References......Page 88
3.2 Solar Photovoltaics......Page 90
3.3 Wind Power......Page 92
3.4 Flywheels......Page 93
3.5 Super Capacitors......Page 95
3.6 Supply Rails......Page 98
References......Page 101
4.1 Fuel Cells, a Real Option?......Page 102
4.2.1 Electrode reactions......Page 104
4.2.2 Different electrolytes......Page 105
4.2.3 Fuel cell electrodes......Page 108
4.3.1 Fuel cell efficiency and efficiency limits......Page 110
4.3.2 Efficiency and the fuel cell voltage......Page 113
4.3.3 Practical fuel cell voltages......Page 115
4.3.4 The effect of pressure and gas concentration......Page 116
4.4 Connecting Cells in Series – the Bipolar Plate......Page 117
4.5.2 The electrolyte of a PEM fuel cell......Page 122
4.5.3 Keeping the PEM hydrated......Page 125
4.6 Thermal Management of the PEM Fuel Cell......Page 126
4.7 A Complete Fuel Cell System......Page 128
References......Page 130
5.1 Introduction......Page 132
5.2.1 Fuel cell requirements......Page 134
5.2.2 Steam reforming......Page 135
5.2.3 Partial oxidation and autothermal reforming......Page 137
5.2.4 Further fuel processing: carbon monoxide removal......Page 138
5.2.5 Practical fuel processing for mobile applications......Page 139
5.3.1 Introduction to the problem......Page 140
5.3.3 The storage of hydrogen as a compressed gas......Page 141
5.3.4 Storage of hydrogen as a liquid......Page 143
5.3.5 Reversible metal hydride hydrogen stores......Page 145
5.3.6 Carbon nanofibres......Page 147
5.4.1 Introduction......Page 148
5.4.2 Methanol......Page 149
5.4.3 Alkali metal hydrides......Page 151
5.4.4 Sodium borohydride......Page 153
5.4.5 Ammonia......Page 156
References......Page 159
6.1.1 Operation of the basic DC motor......Page 162
6.1.2 Torque speed characteristics......Page 164
6.1.4 Providing the magnetic field for DC motors......Page 168
6.1.5 DC motor efficiency......Page 170
6.1.6 Motor losses and motor size......Page 172
6.1.7 Electric motors as brakes......Page 174
6.2.1 Switching devices......Page 176
6.2.2 Step-down or ‘buck’ regulators......Page 178
6.2.3 Step-up or ‘boost’ switching regulator......Page 180
6.2.4 Single-phase inverters......Page 183
6.2.5 Three-phase......Page 186
6.3.1 Introduction......Page 187
6.3.2 The brushless DC motor......Page 188
6.3.3 Switched reluctance motors......Page 190
6.3.4 The induction motor......Page 194
6.4.1 Improving motor efficiency......Page 196
6.4.2 Motor mass......Page 198
6.5 Electrical Machines for Hybrid Vehicles......Page 200
References......Page 202
7.1 Introduction......Page 204
7.2.2 Rolling resistance force......Page 205
7.2.5 Acceleration force......Page 206
7.2.6 Total tractive effort......Page 208
7.3.1 Acceleration performance parameters......Page 209
7.3.2 Modelling the acceleration of an electric scooter......Page 210
7.3.3 Modelling the acceleration of a small car......Page 214
7.4.1 Driving cycles......Page 217
7.4.2 Range modelling of battery electric vehicles......Page 222
7.4.3 Constant velocity range modelling......Page 227
7.4.4 Other uses of simulations......Page 228
7.4.5 Range modelling of fuel cell vehicles......Page 229
7.4.6 Range modelling of hybrid electric vehicles......Page 232
References......Page 233
8.2.1 Aerodynamics and energy......Page 234
8.2.2 Body/chassis aerodynamic shape......Page 238
8.3 Consideration of Rolling Resistance......Page 239
8.4 Transmission Efficiency......Page 241
8.5 Consideration of Vehicle Mass......Page 244
8.6.1 Body/chassis requirements......Page 247
8.6.2 Body/chassis layout......Page 248
8.6.3 Body/chassis strength, rigidity and crash resistance......Page 249
8.6.5 Suspension for electric vehicles......Page 252
8.6.7 Chassis used in modern fuel cell electric vehicles......Page 253
8.7.2 Software in the use of electric vehicle design......Page 255
9.2 Heating and Cooling Systems......Page 258
9.3 Design of the Controls......Page 261
9.6 Wing Mirrors, Aerials and Luggage Racks......Page 264
9.7 Electric Vehicle Recharging and Refuelling Systems......Page 265
10.2 Vehicle Pollution: the Effects......Page 266
10.3 Vehicles Pollution: a Quantitative Analysis......Page 269
10.4 Vehicle Pollution in Context......Page 272
10.5.1 Solar energy......Page 275
10.5.4 Tidal energy......Page 276
10.5.5 Biomass energy......Page 277
10.5.9 Wave energy......Page 278
10.7 The Role of Regulations and Law Makers......Page 279
References......Page 281
11.2.1 Electric bicycles......Page 282
11.2.3 Low speed vehicles......Page 284
11.2.4 Battery powered cars and vans......Page 287
11.3.1 The Honda Insight......Page 290
11.3.2 The Toyota Prius......Page 292
11.4 Fuel Cell Powered Bus......Page 293
11.5 Conclusion......Page 296
References......Page 298
Appendix 1: Performance Simulation of the GM EV1......Page 300
Appendix 2: Importing and Creating Driving Cycles......Page 301
Appendix 3: Simulating One Cycle......Page 303
Appendix 4: Range Simulation of the GM EV1 Electric Car......Page 305
Appendix 5: Electric Scooter Range Modelling......Page 307
Appendix 6: Fuel Cell Range Simulation......Page 309
Appendix 7: Motor Efficiency Plots......Page 311
Index......Page 314