Electric Machinery Fundamentals

Chapter 1. Introduction to Machinery Principles
	Objectives
	1.1 Electrical Machines, Transformers, and Daily Life
	1.2 A Note on Units and Notation
		Notation
	1.3 Rotational Motion, Newton’s Law, and Power Relationships
		Angular Position θ
		Angular Velocity ω
		Angular Acceleration α
		Torque τ
		Newton’s Law of Rotation
		Work W
		Power P
	1.4 The Magnetic Field
		Production of a Magnetic Field
		Magnetic Circuits
		Magnetic Behavior of Ferromagnetic Materials
		Energy Losses in a Ferromagnetic Core
	1.5 Faraday’s Law—Induced Voltage from a Time-Changing Magnetic Field
	1.6 Production of Induced Force on a Wire
	1.7 Induced Voltage on a Conductor Moving in a Magnetic Field
	1.8 The Linear DC Machine—A Simple Example
		Starting the Linear DC Machine
		The Linear DC Machine as a Motor
		The Linear DC Machine as a Generator
		Starting Problems with the Linear Machine
	1.9 Real, Reactive, and Apparent Power in Single-Phase AC Circuits
		Alternative Forms of the Power Equations
		Complex Power
		The Relationships between Impedance Angle, Current Angle, and Power
		The Power Triangle
	1.10 Summary

Chapter 2. Transformers
	Objectives
	2.1 Why Transformers Are Important to Modern Life
	2.2 Types and Construction of Transformers
	2.3 The Ideal Transformer
		Power in an Ideal Transformer
		Impedance Transformation through a Transformer
		Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Transformers
	2.4 Theory of Operation of Real Single-Phase Transformers
		The Voltage Ratio across a Transformer
		The Magnetization Current in a Real Transformer
		The Current Ratio on a Transformer and the Dot Convention
	2.5 The Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer
		The Exact Equivalent Circuit of a Real Transformer
		Approximate Equivalent Circuits of a Transformer
		Determining the Values of Components in the Transformer Model
	2.6 The Per-Unit System of Measurements
	2.7 Transformer Voltage Regulation and Efficiency
		The Transformer Phasor Diagram
		Transformer Efficiency
	2.8 Transformer Taps and Voltage Regulation
	2.9 The Autotransformer
		Voltage and Current Relationships in an Autotransformer
		The Apparent Power Rating Advantage of Autotransformers
		The Internal Impedance of an Autotransformer
	2.10 Three-Phase Transformers
		Three-Phase Transformer Connections
			Wye-wye Connection
			Wye-delta Connection
			Delta-wye Connection
			Delta-delta Connection
		The Per-Unit System for Three-Phase Transformers
	2.11 Three-Phase Transformation Using Two Transformers
		The Open-Δ (or V-V) Connection
		The Open-Wye—Open-Delta Connection
		The Scott-T Connection
		The Three-Phase T Connection
	2.12 Transformer Ratings and Related Problems
		The Voltage and Frequency Ratings of a Transformer
		The Apparent Power Rating of a Transformer
		The Problem of Current Inrush
		The Transformer Nameplate
	2.13 Instrument Transformers
	2.14 Summary

Chapter 3. AC Machinery Fundamentals
	Learning Objectives
	3.1 A Simple Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
		The Voltage Induced in a Simple Rotating Loop
		The Torque Induced in a Current-Carrying Loop
	3.2 The Rotating Magnetic Field
		Proof of the Rotating Magnetic Field Concept
		The Relationship between Electrical Frequency and the Speed of Magnetic Field Rotation
		Reversing the Direction of Magnetic Field Rotation
	3.3 Magnetomotive Force and Flux Distribution on AC Machines
	3.4 Induced Voltage in AC Machines
		The Induced Voltage in a Coil on a Two-Pole Stator
		The Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Set of Coils
		The RMS Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator
	3.5 Induced Torque in an AC Machine
	3.6 Winding Insulation in an AC Machine
	3.7 AC Machine Power Flows and Losses
		The Losses in AC Machines
			Electrical or Copper Losses
			Core Losses
			Mechanical Losses
			Stray Losses (or Miscellaneous Losses)
		The Power-Flow Diagram
	3.8 Voltage Regulation and Speed Regulation
	3.9 Summary

Chapter 4. Synchronous Generators
	Learning Objectives
	4.1 Synchronous Generator Construction
	4.2 The Speed of Rotation of a Synchronous Generator
	4.3 The Internal Generated Voltage of a Synchronous Generator
	4.4 The Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Generator
	4.5 The Phasor Diagram of a Synchronous Generator
	4.6 Power and Torque in Synchronous Generators
	4.7 Measuring Synchronous Generator Model Parameters
		The Short-Circuit Ratio
	4.8 The Synchronous Generator Operating Alone
		The Effect of Load Changes on a Synchronous Generator Operating Alone
		Example Problems
	4.9 Parallel Operation of AC Generators
		The Conditions Required for Paralleling
		The General Procedure for Paralleling Generators
		Frequency-Power and Voltage-Reactive Power Characteristics of a Synchronous Generator
		Operation of Generators in Parallel with Large Power Systems
		Operation of Generators in Parallel with Other Generators of the Same Size
	4.10 Synchronous Generator Transients
		Transient Stability of Synchronous Generators
		Short-Circuit Transients in Synchronous Generators
	4.11 Synchronous Generator Ratings
		The Voltage, Speed, and Frequency Ratings
		Apparent Power and Power-Factor Ratings
		Synchronous Generator Capability Curves
		Short-Time Operation and Service Factor
	4.12 Summary

Chapter 5. Synchronous Motors
	Learning Objectives
	5.1 Basic Principles of Motor Operation
		The Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Motor
		The Synchronous Motor from a Magnetic Field Perspective
	5.2 Steady-State Synchronous Motor Operation
		The Synchronous Motor Torque-Speed Characteristic Curve
		The Effect of Load Changes on a Synchronous Motor
		The Effect of Field Current Changes on a Synchronous Motor
		The Synchronous Motor and Power-Factor Correction
		The Synchronous Capacitor or Synchronous Condenser
	5.3 Starting Synchronous Motors
		Motor Starting by Reducing Electrical Frequency
		Motor Starting with an External Prime Mover
		Motor Starting by Using Amortisseur Windings
		The Effect of Amortisseur Windings on Motor Stability
	5.4 Synchronous Generators and Synchronous Motors
	5.5 Synchronous Motor Ratings
	5.6 Summary

Chapter 6. Induction Motors
	Learning Objectives
	6.1 Induction Motor Construction
	6.2 Basic Induction Motor Concepts
		The Development of Induced Torque in an Induction Motor
		The Concept of Rotor Slip
		The Electrical Frequency on the Rotor
	6.3 The Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor
		The Transformer Model of an Induction Motor
		The Rotor Circuit Model
		The Final Equivalent Circuit
	6.4 Power and Torque in Induction Motors
		Losses and the Power-Flow Diagram
		Power and Torque in an Induction Motor
		Separating the Rotor Copper Losses and the Power Converted in an Induction Motor’s Equivalent Circuit
	6.5 Induction Motor Torque-Speed Characteristics
		Induced Torque from a Physical Standpoint
		The Derivation of the Induction Motor Induced-Torque Equation
		Comments on the Induction Motor Torque-Speed Curve
		Maximum (Pullout) Torque in an Induction Motor
	6.6 Variations in Induction Motor Torque-Speed Characteristics
		Control of Motor Characteristics by Cage Rotor Design
		Deep-Bar and Double-Cage Rotor Designs
		Induction Motor Design Classes
			Design Class A
			Design Class B
			Design Class C
			Design Class D
	6.7 Trends in Induction Motor Design
	6.8 Starting Induction Motors
		Induction Motor Starting Circuits
	6.9 Speed Control of Induction Motors
		Induction Motor Speed Control by Pole Changing
		Speed Control by Changing the Line Frequency
		Speed Control by Changing the Line Voltage
		Speed Control by Changing the Rotor Resistance
	6.10 Solid-State Induction Motor Drives
		Frequency (Speed) Adjustment
		A Choice of Voltage and Frequency Patterns
		Independently Adjustable Acceleration and Deceleration Ramps
		Motor Protection
	6.11 Determining Circuit Model Parameters
		The No-Load Test
		The DC Test for Stator Resistance
		The Locked-Rotor Test
	6.12 The Induction Generator
		The Induction Generator Operating Alone
		Induction Generator Applications
	6.13 Induction Motor Ratings
	6.14 Summary

Chapter 7. DC Machinery Fundamentals
	Learning Objectives
	7.1 A Simple Rotating Loop between Curved Pole Faces
		The Voltage Induced in a Rotating Loop
		Getting DC Voltage Out of the Rotating Loop
		The Induced Torque in the Rotating Loop
	7.2 Commutation in a Simple Four-Loop DC Machine
	7.3 Commutation and Armature Construction in Real DC Machines
		The Rotor Coils
		Connections to the Commutator Segments
		The Lap Winding
		The Wave Winding
		The Frog-Leg Winding
	7.4 Problems with Commutation in Real Machines
		Armature Reaction
		L di/dt Voltages
		Solutions to the Problems with Commutation
			Brush Shifting
			Commutating Poles or Interpoles
			Compensating Windings
	7.5 The Internal Generated Voltage and Induced Torque Equations of Real DC Machines
	7.6 The Construction of DC Machines
		Pole and Frame Construction
		Rotor or Armature Construction
		Commutator and Brushes
		Winding Insulation
	7.7 Power Flow and Losses in DC Machines
		The Losses in DC Machines
			Electrical or Copper Losses
			Brush Losses
			Core Losses
			Mechanical Losses
			Stray Losses (or Miscellaneous Losses)
		The Power-Flow Diagram
	7.8 Summary

Chapter 8. DC Motors and Generators
	Learning Objectives
	8.1 Introduction to DC Motors
	8.2 The Equivalent Circuit of a DC Motor
	8.3 The Magnetization Curve of a DC Machine
	8.4 Separately Excited and Shunt DC Motors
		The Terminal Characteristic of a Shunt DC Motor
		Nonlinear Analysis of a Shunt DC Motor
		Speed Control of Shunt DC Motors
			Changing the Field Resistance
			A Warning About Field Resistance Speed Control
			Changing the Armature Voltage
			Inserting a Resistor in Series with the Armature Circuit
		The Effect of an Open Field Circuit
	8.5 The Permanent-Magnet DC Motor
	8.6 The Series DC Motor
		Induced Torque in a Series DC Motor
		The Terminal Characteristic of a Series DC Motor
		Speed Control of Series DC Motors
	8.7 The Compounded DC Motor
		The Torque-Speed Characteristic of a Cumulatively Compounded DC Motor
		The Torque-Speed Characteristic of a Differentially Compounded DC Motor
		The Nonlinear Analysis of Compounded DC Motors
		Speed Control in the Cumulatively Compounded DC Motor
	8.8 DC Motor Starters
		DC Motor Problems on Starting
		DC Motor Starting Circuits
	8.9 The Ward-Leonard System and Solid-State Speed Controllers
		Protection Circuit Section
		Start/Stop Circuit Section
		High-Power Electronics Section
		Low-Power Electronics Section
	8.10 DC Motor Efficiency Calculations
	8.11 Introduction to DC Generators
	8.12 The Separately Excited Generator
		The Terminal Characteristic of a Separately Excited DC Generator
		Control of Terminal Voltage
		Nonlinear Analysis of a Separately Excited DC Generator
	8.13 The Shunt DC Generator
		Voltage Buildup in a Shunt Generator
		The Terminal Characteristic of a Shunt DC Generator
		Voltage Control for a Shunt DC Generator
		The Analysis of Shunt DC Generators
	8.14 The Series DC Generator
		The Terminal Characteristic of a Series Generator
	8.15 The Cumulatively Compounded DC Generator
		The Terminal Characteristic of a Cumulatively Compounded DC Generator
		Voltage Control of Cumulatively Compounded DC Generators
		Analysis of Cumulatively Compounded DC Generators
	8.16 The Differentially Compounded DC Generator
		The Terminal Characteristic of a Differentially Compounded DC Generator
		Voltage Control of Differentially Compounded DC Generators
		Graphical Analysis of a Differentially Compounded DC Generator
	8.17 Summary

Chapter 9. Single-Phase and Special-Purpose Motors
	Learning Objectives
	9.1 The Universal Motor
		Applications of Universal Motors
		Speed Control of Universal Motors
	9.2 Introduction to Single-Phase Induction Motors
		The Double-Revolving-Field Theory of Single-Phase Induction Motors
		The Cross-Field Theory of Single-Phase Induction Motors
	9.3 Starting Single-Phase Induction Motors
		Split-Phase Windings
		Capacitor-Start Motors
		Permanent Split-Capacitor and Capacitor-Start, Capacitor-Run Motors
		Shaded-Pole Motors
		Comparison of Single-Phase Induction Motors
	9.4 Speed Control of Single-Phase Induction Motors
	9.5 The Circuit Model of a Single-Phase Induction Motor
		Circuit Analysis with the Single-Phase Induction Motor Equivalent Circuit
	9.6 Other Types of Motors
		Reluctance Motors
		Hysteresis Motors
		Stepper Motors
		Brushless DC Motors
	9.7 Summary

Appendix A. Three-Phase Circuits
	A.1 Generation of Three-Phase Voltages and Currents
	A.2 Voltages and Currents in a Three-Phase Circuit
		Voltages and Currents in the Wye (Y) Connection
		Voltages and Currents in the Delta (Δ) Connection
	A.3 Power Relationships in Three-Phase Circuits
		Three-Phase Power Equations Involving Phase Quantities
		Three-Phase Power Equations Involving Line Quantities
	A.4 Analysis of Balanced Three-Phase Systems
	A.5 One-Line Diagrams
	A.6 Using the Power Triangle

Appendix B. Coil Pitch and Distributed Windings
	B.1 The Effect of Coil Pitch on AC Machines
		The Pitch of a Coil
		The Induced Voltage of a Fractional-Pitch Coil
		Harmonic Problems and Fractional-Pitch Windings
	B.2 Distributed Windings in AC Machines
		The Breadth or Distribution Factor
		The Generated Voltage Including Distribution Effects
		Tooth or Slot Harmonics
	B.3 Summary

Appendix C. Salient-Pole Theory of Synchronous Machines
	C.1 Development of the Equivalent Circuit of a Salient-Pole Synchronous Generator
	C.2 Torque and Power Equations of a Salient-Pole Machines

Appendix D. Tables of Constants and Conversion Factors