Electric Distribution Network Planning

Preface......Page 6
Reviewers......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
About the Editors......Page 12
Abbreviations......Page 13
 Abstract......Page 17
 1.1 Introduction......Page 18
 1.2 Deterministic Model......Page 21
  1.2.1 Objective Function and Cost-Related Terms......Page 22
  1.2.2 Kirchhoff’s Laws and Operational Limits......Page 24
  1.2.3 Investment and Utilization Constraints......Page 26
  1.2.4 Radiality Constraints......Page 28
  1.2.5 Mixed-Integer Linear Formulation......Page 30
 1.3 Stochastic Programming Model......Page 31
  1.3.1 Uncertainty Modeling......Page 32
  1.3.2 Objective Function and Cost-Related Terms......Page 36
  1.3.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws and Operational Limits......Page 37
  1.3.6 Mixed-Integer Linear Formulation......Page 38
 1.4 Numerical Results......Page 39
  Indices......Page 49
  Parameters......Page 50
  Variables......Page 52
 References......Page 53
 Abstract......Page 56
 2.1 Introduction......Page 57
 2.2 Time Framework......Page 58
 2.3 AC Power Flow in Electric Distribution Networks......Page 59
 2.4 Convex Model for the EDNEP Problem......Page 60
  2.4.1 Capacitor Bank Model......Page 61
  2.4.2 Voltage Regulator Model......Page 62
  2.4.3 Static Convex EDNEP Model......Page 65
  2.4.4 Dynamic Convex EDNEP Model......Page 67
  2.5.2 Static Test Case......Page 70
  Sets......Page 73
  Parameters......Page 74
  Decision Variables......Page 75
 References......Page 76
 Abstract......Page 79
 3.1 Introduction......Page 80
  3.2.1 Current-Based Mathematical Formulation......Page 83
  3.2.2 Power-Based Mathematical Formulation......Page 87
  3.2.3 Performance and Accuracy......Page 93
  3.3.1 Voltage Magnitude......Page 95
  3.3.2 Circuit Currents......Page 97
  3.3.3 Transformer Capacity......Page 98
  3.4.1 Type of Loads: Voltage Dependent Load Models......Page 99
  3.4.2 Special Loads: Plug-In Electric Vehicles......Page 103
 3.5 Distributed Generation......Page 105
  3.5.1 Renewable DG......Page 109
  3.6.1 BESS Operation......Page 110
 3.7 Voltage and Reactive Power Control Devices......Page 112
  3.7.1 Capacitor Banks......Page 113
  3.7.2 On-Load Tap Changers and Voltage Regulators......Page 114
 3.8 Mathematical Framework Application in Control Approaches......Page 117
  3.8.1 Electric Vehicle Charging Coordination Problem......Page 118
  3.8.2 Voltage Control Problem......Page 120
 3.9 Comparative Overview and Discussion......Page 123
 Appendix 1: Piecewise Linearization Technique......Page 124
 Appendix 2: Multi-period and Multi-scenario Extension......Page 125
 References......Page 126
 Abstract......Page 129
 4.1 Introduction......Page 130
 4.2 Problem Modelling and Formulation......Page 131
  4.2.1 First Stage Problem Formulation......Page 133
  4.2.2 Second Stage Problem Formulation......Page 135
  4.2.3 Third Stage Problem Formulation......Page 136
  4.2.4 Fourth Stage Problem Formulation......Page 137
 4.3 Solution Algorithm......Page 138
 4.4 Numerical Results......Page 141
 Appendix......Page 153
 References......Page 156
 Abstract......Page 157
 5.1 Introduction......Page 158
 5.2 The Application of Multi-agent Systems in the Distribution Grid Planning......Page 159
 5.3 Simulation Environment......Page 161
  5.3.1 Structures of the Simulation Environment......Page 162
 5.4 Network Users as Agents......Page 164
   5.4.1.1 Defining Relevant Input and Output Parameters......Page 165
   5.4.1.2 Objectives and Behavior of the Household Agent......Page 166
   5.4.2.1 Defining Relevant Input and Output Parameters......Page 167
   5.4.2.2 Objectives of the Storage Agents......Page 168
   5.4.2.3 The Implemented Behavior......Page 169
   5.4.2.4 Negotiation Between Two Storage Agents Acting at the Same Node......Page 171
 5.5 Simulation Example......Page 172
  5.5.2 Time Series Based Analysis......Page 174
  5.5.3 Analysis of the Influence of New Network Users on the Grid......Page 176
 References......Page 177
 Abstract......Page 180
 6.1 Introduction......Page 181
 6.2 DG Models......Page 182
 6.3 DG Impacts on Electric Distribution Networks......Page 183
 6.4 Description of the DG Allocation Problem......Page 185
  6.5.1 Losses with DG......Page 187
  6.5.2 Analytical Expressions for Optimal DG Sizing......Page 188
 6.6 Solution Process......Page 190
  6.7.1 Assumptions......Page 191
  6.7.2 Test System......Page 192
  6.7.3 Analyses......Page 193
 References......Page 196
 Abstract......Page 198
 7.1 Introduction......Page 199
   7.2.1.1 Objective Function(s)......Page 202
   7.2.1.2 Technical Constraints......Page 204
  7.2.2 Optimal Power Flow (OPF)......Page 205
   7.2.2.3 Point Estimate Method (PEM)......Page 207
   7.2.2.4 Possibilistic OPF......Page 211
  7.3.1 Conventional DGs......Page 214
  7.3.3 Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs)......Page 215
  7.3.4 Tap-Changer Equipped Transformers......Page 216
   7.3.6.1 Reactive Power......Page 217
   7.3.6.2 Islanding Mode Operation......Page 218
  7.3.7 Techno-economic Factors......Page 221
 Appendix......Page 223
 References......Page 225
 Abstract......Page 228
 8.1 Introduction......Page 229
  8.2.1 Objective Function—Constraints......Page 230
  8.2.2 Penalty Function—Terms......Page 231
  8.3.1 Analytical Methods......Page 233
   8.3.1.3 ELF Method......Page 234
   8.3.2.2 GA Method......Page 235
   8.3.2.4 CS Method......Page 237
   8.3.2.5 HS......Page 238
  8.3.3 Heuristic Methods Evaluation......Page 239
  8.3.4 Heuristic Versus Analytical Methods Evaluation......Page 242
 8.4 ODGP Towards Power Loss Minimization—Reverse Power Flow......Page 243
 8.5 ODGP Towards Power Loss Minimization—Renewable Energy Sources......Page 246
 8.6 ODGP Towards Energy Loss Minimization— Load/Generation Variation......Page 249
  8.6.1 Load Variation......Page 250
  8.6.2 Load/Generation Variation......Page 254
  8.7.1 ODGP and NR......Page 256
  8.7.2 ODGP and OESSP......Page 258
 References......Page 260
 9.1 Introduction......Page 265
  9.2.1 Formulation of the Problem......Page 267
  9.2.2 Solution Approach......Page 268
 9.3 Case Study......Page 276
 References......Page 289
 Abstract......Page 291
 10.1 Introduction......Page 292
 10.2 Optimal Network Reconfiguration and Distributed Generation Sizing......Page 294
 10.3 Problem Formulation......Page 296
 10.4 Description of Modified Meta-Heuristic Methods......Page 297
 10.5 Implementation of the Proposed Concept......Page 299
 10.6 Test Results of 33-Bus System......Page 300
  10.6.1 Impact of Network Reconfiguration and DG Sizing on Power Losses......Page 302
  10.6.2 Impact of Network Reconfiguration and DG Sizing on Voltage Profile......Page 306
 References......Page 309
 Abstract......Page 311
 11.1 Introduction......Page 312
 11.2 Modeling Capability of the Parking Lots for Energy Transaction......Page 313
 11.3 Modeling Cooperation Between PEVs’ Drivers and Aggregator......Page 316
 11.4 Modeling PEV’s Battery Life Loss Cost Due to V2G......Page 317
  11.5.1 Objective Function......Page 318
  11.5.2 Constraints......Page 320
 11.6 Proposed Optimization Technique......Page 321
  11.7.1 Primary Data......Page 324
  11.7.2 Results......Page 326
 Appendix......Page 329
 References......Page 330
 Abstract......Page 333
 12.1 Introduction......Page 334
  12.2.1 Shunt Capacitor......Page 335
  12.2.2 Distributed Static Compensator (DSTATCOM)......Page 337
  12.2.3 Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC)......Page 341
  12.4.1 Capacitor Allocation Problem Formulation......Page 344
  12.4.3 System Constraints......Page 348
 12.5 Overview of Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA)......Page 349
 12.6 Numerical Examples......Page 353
  12.6.1 Case 1......Page 354
  12.6.2 Case2......Page 356
 Appendix......Page 359
 References......Page 361
 Abstract......Page 366
 13.1 Introduction......Page 367
 13.2 Methodology......Page 369
  13.2.1 Stage #1—State Enumeration—NO Recloser Allocation......Page 370
  13.2.2 Stage #2—NC Recloser Allocation......Page 371
    String Coding Approach......Page 374
    Evaluation Function......Page 375
    ‘A Priori’ Reliability Calculation Approach......Page 377
    Total Number Hours of Interrupted Customers......Page 378
    Energy Not Supplied......Page 379
  13.2.3 Stage #3—Global Optimization......Page 380
    String Coding Approach......Page 383
   13.2.3.2 Evaluation Function......Page 385
 13.3 Results......Page 387
  13.3.1 Brown Field Analysis......Page 388
  13.3.2 Green Field Analysis......Page 389
  13.3.3 General Remarks......Page 390
 References......Page 391