Electric Circuits, Systems, And Motors

Preface......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
1.1 Voltage Sources......Page 11
1.2 Current Sources......Page 12
1.3 Resistors......Page 13
1.3.1 Ohm’s Law1.3.1 Ohm’s Law1.3.1 Ohm’s Law1.3.1 Ohm’s Law1.3.1 Ohm’s Law1.3.1 Ohm’s Law1.3.1 Ohm’s Law1.3.1 Ohm’s Law1.3.1 Ohm’s Law1.3.1 Ohm’s Law1.3.1 Ohm’s Law1.3.1 Ohm’s Law1.3.1 Ohm’s Law1.3.1 Ohm’s Law1.3.1 Ohm’s Law1.3.1 Ohm’s Law1.3.1 Ohm’s Law1.3.1 Ohm’s Law1.3.1 Ohm’s Law1.3.1 Ohm’s Law1.3.1 Ohm’s Law......Page 15
1.3.2 Resistor Networks......Page 18
1.4 Capacitors......Page 31
1.4.1 Capacitors in Series and in Parallel......Page 35
1.5 Inductors......Page 36
1.6 Problems......Page 38
2.1 Dangers of Electric Current......Page 44
2.2 Importance of Skin Resistance......Page 45
2.4 Electrical Safety Guidelines......Page 47
2.5 Step Potential Versus Touch Potential......Page 49
2.7 Problems......Page 50
3.1.1 Node......Page 51
3.1.2 Branch......Page 53
3.1.3 Paths, Loops, and Meshes......Page 54
3.2 Voltage/Current Dividers......Page 56
3.3 Node-Voltage Method of Circuit Analysis......Page 58
3.3.1 Node-Voltage Method for Circuits with Voltage Sources: The Super-Node......Page 63
3.3.2 Node-Voltage Method for Circuits with Dependent Sources......Page 65
3.4 Mesh-Current Method of Circuit Analysis......Page 69
3.4.1 Mesh-Current Method for Circuits with Current Sources......Page 71
3.4.2 Mesh-Current Method for Circuits with Dependent Sources......Page 75
3.5.1 Combining Voltage Sources in Series and Current Sources in Parallel......Page 77
3.5.2 Transforming Independent Current/Voltage Sources......Page 78
3.6 Thevenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits......Page 84
3.7 Superposition......Page 93
3.8 Problems......Page 98
4.1 Power Calculation and Sign Convention......Page 112
4.2 Energy Calculation......Page 115
4.3 Power in Resistive Circuits......Page 120
4.4 Maximum Power Transfer......Page 122
4.5 Problems......Page 125
5.1 Review of Torque for Rotating Machines......Page 129
5.2 Common Speed–Torque Demands for Mechanical Loads......Page 130
5.2.3 Viscous Friction Loads......Page 131
5.3 Linear Machines......Page 132
5.4 Basic Operation of Rotating DC Motors......Page 138
5.5 Shunt-Connected DC Motors......Page 141
5.7 Series-Connected DC Motors......Page 154
5.8 Universal Motors......Page 161
5.10.1 Separately Excited or Permanent Magnet DC Generators......Page 162
5.10.2 Shunt DC Generators......Page 168
5.11 Stepper Motors and Brushless DC Motors......Page 169
5.12 Problems......Page 172
6.1 DC Step Response of Resistor–Capacitor (RC) Circuits......Page 185
6.2 DC Step Response of Resistor–Inductor (RL) Circuits......Page 197
6.3.1 Series RLC Circuit......Page 203
6.3.2 Parallel RLC Circuit......Page 212
6.4 Problems......Page 214
7.1.1 Rectangular Versus Polar Form......Page 218
7.1.2 Addition, Subtraction, and Multiplication of Complex Numbers......Page 221
7.1.3 Division/Inversion of Complex Numbers......Page 222
7.1.4 Useful Identities for Complex Numbers......Page 224
7.1.5 Solving Equations with Complex Numbers......Page 225
7.2.1 Definition of Harmonic Signals......Page 228
7.2.2 RMS Values......Page 235
7.3.1 Definition of Phasors......Page 237
7.3.2 Circuit Elements in the Phasor Domain......Page 238
7.3.3 Impedance and Generalization of Ohm’s Law......Page 241
7.4 Phasor Domain Circuit Analysis......Page 245
7.5 Problems......Page 253
8.1.1 Instantaneous Power, Average Power, and Reactive Power......Page 260
8.1.2 Power Factor......Page 264
8.1.4 Complex Power......Page 265
8.2 Maximum Power Transfer......Page 266
8.3 Load Matching......Page 269
8.4 Problems......Page 273
9.1 Overview of Amplifier Types......Page 276
9.2.1 Circuit Model for Op-Amp......Page 278
9.2.2 Non-inverting Amplifier Configuration......Page 279
9.2.3 Inverting Amplifier Configuration......Page 281
9.2.4 Instrumentation/Differential Amplifier......Page 284
9.2.5 Generalized Op-Amp Analysis Assuming Ideal Op-Amps......Page 288
9.3.1 Finite Impedances and Finite Gain......Page 293
9.3.2 Bias Currents and Offset Voltage......Page 297
9.3.3 Saturation Limitations......Page 301
9.3.4 Op-Amp Frequency Response......Page 303
9.3.5 Op-Amp Slew Rate Limitation......Page 307
9.4 Problems......Page 311
10.1 Basic Transformer Operation......Page 320
10.2 Circuit Symbol for the Transformer......Page 323
10.3.1 Current and Voltage Relationships for Ideal Transformers......Page 325
10.3.2 Equivalent Impedance for Ideal Transformers......Page 327
10.4 Improved Power Transfer Efficiency with Transformers......Page 333
10.5 Circuit Analysis with Non-ideal Transformers......Page 336
10.6 Simultaneous Reflection of Sources and Impedances Across a Transformer......Page 341
10.7 Problems......Page 343
11 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits......Page 349
11.1 Definition of Balanced Three-Phase Circuits......Page 351
11.2 Converting Between Wye and Delta Configurations......Page 354
11.3 Solving for Voltages and Currents in Three-Phase Circuits......Page 358
11.4 Power Calculation in Three-Phase Circuits......Page 362
11.5 Problems......Page 365
12.1 Three-Phase Induction Motors Basic Operation......Page 367
12.2 Speed-Torque Curve for Three-Phase Induction Motor......Page 373
12.3 Equivalent Circuit for Three-Phase Induction Motor......Page 376
12.4 Circuit Analysis of Three-Phase Induction Motors with Negligible Line Impedances......Page 382
12.5 Single-Phase Induction Motors......Page 388
12.5.1 Split-Phase Windings......Page 389
12.5.3 Capacitor-Run Windings......Page 390
12.6 Synchronous Generators......Page 391
12.7 Problems......Page 392
13.1.1 Resistance Measurement......Page 396
13.1.3 Current Measurement......Page 397
13.2.3 Knob-Ology......Page 398
13.3.1 Loading Errors of Voltage and Current Meters......Page 399
13.3.2 Loading Errors of Oscilloscopes......Page 405
13.4 Problems......Page 408
Index......Page 412