Electric Cables Handbook

cover.jpg......Page 1
Front Matter......Page 2
Contributors......Page 6
Preface to Third Edition......Page 4
Appendices......Page 0
Table of Contents......Page 11
1.2 Format......Page 17
1.4 Differences in Cable Design Throughout the World......Page 19
40750_02.pdf......Page 22
2.1 Voltage Designation......Page 23
2.2 Conductor Resistance......Page 24
2.3 Inductance......Page 25
2.5 Impedance......Page 26
2.6 Insulation Resistance......Page 27
2.7 Capacitance......Page 28
2.8 Dielectric Power Factor (Dielectric Loss Angle)......Page 30
2.9 Electrical Stress Distribution and Calculation......Page 31
2.10 Field Control in Paper Insulated Cables......Page 35
2.12 Sources of Electrical Losses......Page 36
2.13 Mechanism of Insulation Breakdown in Paper Insulated Cables......Page 39
2.15 Electromagnetic Fields......Page 44
2.16 References......Page 46
3.1 Metals......Page 47
3.2 Impregnated Paper Insulation......Page 56
3.3 Polymeric Insulation and Sheathing Materials......Page 62
3.4 Physical Properties of Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Insulating and Sheathing Materials......Page 63
3.5 Electrical Properties of Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Insulating Materials......Page 64
3.6 Further Properties of Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Insulating and Sheathing Materials......Page 65
3.8 Environmental Degradation of Polymers......Page 78
4. Conductors......Page 83
4.1 International Standardisation......Page 85
4.3 Conductor Dimensions......Page 86
4.4 Stranded Conductors......Page 87
4.5 Flexible Conductors......Page 89
4.8 Use of Aluminium in Relation to Copper for Distribution Cables......Page 92
4.10 Sodium Conductors......Page 93
5.1 Armour......Page 95
5.2 Protective Finishes......Page 97
5.3 Bituminous Finishes......Page 98
5.4 Extruded Thermoplastic Finishes......Page 99
5.5 Finishes for Protection Against Insects......Page 103
5.7 Tests on Protective Finishes......Page 104
5.8 References......Page 105
6. Cables in Fires - Material and Design Considerations......Page 106
6.1 Levels of Cable Fire Performance......Page 107
6.2 Material Considerations......Page 108
6.3 The Effect of Cable Design on Fire Performance......Page 112
6.4 Fire Test Methods and Standards......Page 113
6.6 References......Page 120
7.1 Standards......Page 122
7.2 Quality Assurance......Page 131
8.1 Availability of Published Ratings......Page 135
8.3 General Basis of Rating Determination......Page 137
8.4 Mathematical Treatment......Page 138
8.5 Calculation of Losses......Page 139
8.6 Calculation of Thermal Resistances......Page 142
8.7 Important Parameters which Affect Ratings......Page 145
8.8 Ambient and Cable Operating Temperatures......Page 146
8.9 Effect of Installation Conditions on Ratings......Page 149
8.10 Standard Operating Conditions and Rating Factors for Supply Distribution Cables......Page 151
8.11 Sustained Ratings for Wiring Type Cables......Page 154
8.12 Cables for Shipwiring and Offshore Installations......Page 161
8.13 Short Time and Cyclic Ratings......Page 162
8.14 References......Page 164
9.1 Temperature......Page 165
9.2 Ratings Derived on a Temperature Basis......Page 166
9.3 Asymmetrical Faults......Page 170
9.4 Electromagnetic Forces and Cable Bursting......Page 173
9.5 Thermomechanical Effects......Page 179
9.6 General Comments......Page 182
9.7 Reference......Page 183
10.1 Charging Current......Page 184
10.2 Voltage Drop......Page 185
10.3 Positive, Negative and Zero Sequence Impedance......Page 189
10.4 IEE Wiring Regulations......Page 191
10.5 References......Page 216
40750_11.pdf......Page 217
11.1 History and Development of Wiring System Cables......Page 218
11.2 Design of Modern Wiring System Cables......Page 220
11.3 Types of Wiring System Cables......Page 226
11.5 Cables for General Industrial Use......Page 230
11.6 Cables for Railways and Underground Transport......Page 233
11.7 Cables for Ships and Offshore Oil installations......Page 235
11.8 Floor Warming and Heating Cables......Page 240
12.1 General Purpose Cords and Cables......Page 243
12.2 Cables for Mining and Quarrying......Page 251
12.3 Flexible Cables for other Industrial Applications......Page 258
13.1 Standards......Page 264
13.3 Polyethylene Insulated Multipair Cables......Page 265
13.4 PVC insulated Multipair Light Current Control Cables......Page 266
14.2 Manufacturing Processes......Page 268
14.4 References......Page 273
15.1 National and International Wiring Regulations......Page 275
15.2 Selection of Types of Cables and Cords......Page 277
15.3 Environmental Conditions......Page 279
15.4 Joints and Terminations......Page 282
16.1 Construction......Page 284
16.2 Characteristics......Page 285
16.3 Materials......Page 288
16.4 Manufacture......Page 290
16.5 Seals......Page 291
40750_17.pdf......Page 293
17. Supply Distribution Systems......Page 294
17.1 Parameters of Electricity Supply Systems......Page 295
17.2 Cable Networks......Page 297
17.3 Supplies to Residential Developments......Page 303
17.5 Loads that Cause Disturbance on the System......Page 305
17.6 Earthing......Page 307
17.8 Protection......Page 309
17.9 Computer Aids to Power System Analysis and Design......Page 311
18.1 Voltage Designations and Effects on Cable Design......Page 312
18.2 Application of Cable Types for Public Supply......Page 314
18.3 Cables for General Industrial Applications......Page 316
18.4 Basis of Cable Design......Page 319
19.1 Construction......Page 327
19.2 Insulation Characteristics......Page 330
19.3 Mass-Impregnated Non-Draining (Mind) Cables......Page 331
19.5 Aluminium Sheathed Paper Insulated Cables......Page 332
19.7 Operational and Installation Parameters......Page 334
19.8 Life and Performance Characteristics......Page 335
19.9 Tests......Page 336
20.1 Applications......Page 337
20.2 Design and Construction......Page 340
20.3 High Voltage PVC Cables......Page 343
20.4 Operating Characteristics......Page 344
20.5 Reference......Page 345
21.1 Comparison between Thermoset Insulated Cables and other Types......Page 346
21.2 Construction......Page 347
21.3 Future Prospects for Cables up to 3 kV......Page 348
21.4 Operational Characteristics......Page 349
22. 600/1000 V Cables with Combined Neutral and Earth for Public Supply......Page 350
22.1 Types of CNE Cable......Page 351
22.2 Reference......Page 356
23.1 Applications......Page 357
24. Polymeric Insulated Distribution Cables for 6-30 kV......Page 362
24.2 Service Experience with Polyethylene (PE and XLPE)......Page 363
24.3 Breakdown Phenomena......Page 364
24.4 Water Trees......Page 367
24.5 Design of Polymeric Insulated Cables......Page 370
24.6 Manufacturing Processes Used to Produce Cured Material......Page 373
24.8 References......Page 374
25. Manufacture of Distribution Cables......Page 376
25.2 Solid Aluminium Conductors......Page 377
25.3 Stranding......Page 378
25.4 Paper Lapping......Page 379
25.5 Drying and Impregnation for Paper Insulation......Page 380
25.6 Extrusion of Thermoplastic Materials......Page 381
25.7 Extrusion and Curing of Thermosetting Materials......Page 382
25.9 Lead Sheathing......Page 386
25.10 Aluminium Sheathing......Page 387
25.11 Armouring......Page 389
25.12 Oversheathing......Page 391
26.1 Site Inspection and Trial Holes......Page 392
26.2 Drum Handling......Page 393
26.3 Excavation......Page 394
26.5 Preparation for Cable Laying......Page 395
26.6 Cable Pulling......Page 399
26.8 General Aspects......Page 403
26.9 Pulling Loads......Page 406
26.10 Supports for Cables Erected in Air......Page 408
26.11 References......Page 411
27.1 Design Principles......Page 412
27.2 Conductor Connection......Page 416
27.4 Traditional Cable Accessories......Page 419
27.5 Modern Cable Accessories......Page 421
27.6 Design and Performance Standards......Page 427
28. Testing of Distribution Cables......Page 429
28.1 Comments on Individual Tests for Cables......Page 430
28.2 Routine Tests on Cables......Page 433
28.3 Sample Tests on Paper Cables......Page 434
28.5 Type Tests for Paper Cables......Page 435
28.6 Type Tests for Polymeric Cables......Page 436
28.7 Tests on Cables with Special Performance in Fires......Page 437
28.8 Site Tests after Installation......Page 438
40750_29.pdf......Page 440
29.2 Types of Pressurised Paper Insulated Cable......Page 441
29.3 Transmission System Growth......Page 443
29.4 Improvement of Dielectric by Pressurising......Page 444
29.5 Design Stress and Performance Data for SCFF Paper Cable......Page 445
29.6 Alternative Dielectrics to Impregnated Paper......Page 446
29.7 Choice of Cable Designs Available......Page 447
29.8 Reference......Page 449
30.1 Cable Design Features......Page 450
30.2 Hydraulic Design......Page 460
30.3 System Design......Page 463
30.5 References......Page 465
31.1 Internal Gas Pressure Cables......Page 466
31.2 External Gas Pressure Cables......Page 469
31.3 References......Page 470
32.1 General Description......Page 471
32.2 Steel Pipe and Installation......Page 473
32.4 Current Carrying Capacity......Page 475
32.5 Applications......Page 476
32.6 References......Page 477
33.1 Insulating Materials......Page 478
33.2 Design of Polymeric Cables......Page 479
33.3 Manufacturing Processes......Page 482
33.4 Present Position of Polymeric Insulated Cables......Page 486
33.5 References......Page 488
34. Techniques for Increasing Current Carrying Capacity......Page 489
34.1 Special Backfills......Page 490
34.2 Specially Bonded Cable Systems......Page 495
34.3 Low Dielectric Loss Cables......Page 499
34.4 Forced Cooled Cable Systems......Page 502
34.5 Summary......Page 509
34.6 References......Page 511
35.1 General Criteria......Page 513
35.2 Accessories for Single-Core Fluid-Filled Cables (33-550kV)......Page 516
35.3 Accessories for 3-Core Fluid-Filled Cable Systems (33-132kV)......Page 527
35.4 Accessories for Gas-Filled Cables (33-132kV)......Page 528
35.5 Accessories for Polymeric Cables (66-550kV)......Page 532
35.6 Ancillary Equipment......Page 537
35.7 Jointing Methods......Page 542
35.8 Insulation and Thermal Design......Page 552
35.9 References......Page 556
36.1 Projection Planning......Page 559
36.2 Transportation of Cables......Page 560
36.3 Cable Trenches......Page 561
36.4 Road Crossings......Page 563
36.6 Special Constructions......Page 565
36.7 Cable Laying......Page 566
36.8 Jointing......Page 569
36.9 Site Tests......Page 571
37. Thermomechanical Design......Page 572
37.1 Buried Cables......Page 573
37.2 Cables Installed in Air......Page 575
37.3 Cable Installed in Ducts......Page 579
37.6 Joints and Terminations......Page 581
37.7 References......Page 583
38. D.C. Cables......Page 584
38.2 Insulation......Page 585
38.3 Sheaths......Page 588
38.5 Systems......Page 589
38.6 References......Page 590
39. Testing of Transmission Cable Systems......Page 591
39.1 Paper and Polypropylene Paper Laminate (PPL) Cables......Page 592
39.2 Polymeric Cables......Page 601
40.1 Main Insulation Faults......Page 607
40.2 Partial Discharge Detection and Location......Page 609
40.3 Faults in the Protective Covering......Page 610
40.4 Fluid and Gas Leaks......Page 611
40.5 References......Page 612
41.1 Essential Requirements......Page 613
41.2 Development of Existing Cable Systems......Page 617
41.3 New Designs of Transmission Cable......Page 621
41.4 Conclusions......Page 625
41.5 References......Page 626
40750_42.pdf......Page 628
42. Submarine Cables and Systems......Page 629
42.1 Electrical Design Features of Cables......Page 632
42.2 Mechanical Design Features of Cables......Page 634
42.3 Protection Against Corrosion......Page 640
42.4 Solid Type Mass Impregnated Cables......Page 641
42.5 Fluid-Filled Cables......Page 643
42.6 Gas-Filled Cable......Page 646
42.7 Polymeric Insulated Cables......Page 647
42.8 Pilot, Control and Composite Cables......Page 648
42.9 Flexible Joints for Cables......Page 649
42.11 References......Page 652
43.1 Feasibility Study......Page 654
43.2 Survey......Page 655
43.3 Cable Laying Vessel and Cable Handling Equipment......Page 656
43.5 Cable Laying......Page 660
43.6 Maintenance and Repair......Page 663
43.8 References......Page 664
40750_44.pdf......Page 665
44.1 Background......Page 666
44.2 The Superconducting State......Page 667
44.3 Low Temperature Superconductors......Page 668
44.4 Low Temperature Superconducting Cables......Page 670
44.5 References......Page 672
45.1 Introduction......Page 673
45.2 Manufacture of HTS Conductors......Page 676
45.3 Performance Characteristics of HTS Conductors......Page 679
45.4 References......Page 682
46.1 High Temperature Superconducting Cables......Page 683
46.2 Techno-Economic Impact of HTS Cables......Page 684
46.3 Towards an HTS Transmission Cable......Page 687
46.4 References......Page 689
40750_47.pdf......Page 690
Part VII. Optical Fibers in Power Transmission Systems......Page 691
47. Introduction to Part 7......Page 692
47.1 References......Page 694
48.1 Optical Fibre Waveguides......Page 695
48.2 Optical Fibre Manufacture......Page 697
48.3 Propagation Characteristics of Optical Fibres......Page 701
48.4 Sources of Faults in Optical Cables......Page 703
48.5 Optical Fibre Strength......Page 704
48.6 Measurement of Optical Transmission Faults......Page 705
48.7 References......Page 706
49.1 General Design Considerations......Page 707
49.2 Cable Construction......Page 708
49.3 References......Page 715
50.1 Bare Overhead Conductors......Page 716
50.2 Composite Overhead Conductors......Page 726
50.3 References......Page 735
51. All-Dielectric Self-Supporting Cables......Page 737
51.1 ADSS Cable Design......Page 738
51.2 Complementary Equipment and Installation......Page 740
51.3 Sag, Ice Loading and Blow Out......Page 741
51.4 Environmental Stability......Page 742
51.5 Electrical Degradation......Page 744
51.6 High Voltage ADSS Systems......Page 748
51.7 References......Page 749
52.1 Cable Design......Page 752
52.2 Materials Selection......Page 753
52.3 Installation and Wrapping Machine Design......Page 754
52.4 Wrap Cables for Phase Conductors......Page 757
52.5 References......Page 759
40750_53.pdf......Page 760
53.2 Transmission Systems......Page 761
53.3 Open Systems and Structured Wiring......Page 765
53.4 Telecommunication Networks......Page 768
53.5 Transmission Characteristics of Metallic Communication Cables......Page 769
53.6 Coaxial Cables......Page 781
53.7 References......Page 784
54.1 Twisted Pair Data Cables......Page 785
54.2 Optical Data Cables......Page 791
55.1 System Limits......Page 794
55.2 External Twisted Pair Cables......Page 795
55.3 Dropwire......Page 797
55.6 Reference......Page 798
40750_A1.pdf......Page 799
A1. Abbreviations......Page 800
A2. Symbols Used......Page 805
A3. Conversion Factors and Multiple Metric Units......Page 808
A4. Conductor Data......Page 809
A5. Industrial Cables for Fixed Supply......Page 816
A6. Cables for Fixed Installation in Buildings......Page 823
A7. Cables for Fixed Installation (Shipwiring and Offshore)......Page 840
A8. Flexible Cords and Cables......Page 857
A9. Industrial Cables for Special Applications......Page 882
A10. Mining Cables......Page 886
A11. Mineral Insulated Wiring Cables......Page 907
A12. Paper Insulated Distribution Cables......Page 918
A13. PVC Insulated Distribution Cables......Page 960
A14. XLPE Insulated Distribution Cables......Page 978
A15. PVC Insulated House Service Cables......Page 1006
A16. Self-Contained Fluid-Filled Paper Insulated Cables......Page 1009
40750_A17.pdf......Page 1025
A18. XLPE Insulated Transmission Cables......Page 1032
A19. Minimum Installation Bending Radii......Page 1041
A20. Weibull Distribution......Page 1045
A21. Bibliography......Page 1053
40750_indx.pdf......Page 1087
B......Page 1088
C......Page 1089
D......Page 1090
E......Page 1091
H......Page 1092
I......Page 1093
M......Page 1094
O......Page 1095
P......Page 1096
R......Page 1097
S......Page 1098
T......Page 1099
Z......Page 1101