Elastic Optical Networks: Fundamentals, Design, Control, and Management

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
About the Authors
1: Introduction to Optical Networks
	1.1 Overview of Telecom Networks
	1.2 Overview of Optical Networks
		1.2.1 Optical Transmission System
		1.2.2 Wavelength Division Multiplexing
		1.2.3 Optical Network Architecture
			1.2.3.1 Broadcast-And-Select Optical Networks
			1.2.3.2 Wavelength-Routed Optical Networks
	1.3 Limitation of DWDM-Based Optical Networks
2: Elastic Optical Networks
	2.1 Motivation Behind EONs
	2.2 Relationship Between OFDM Technology and EONs
	2.3 Unique Concepts of EONs
	2.4 Enabling Technology for EONs
		2.4.1 Spectrally Efficient Superchannel
		2.4.2 Optical Transponders
3: Network and Node Architecture for Elastic Optical Networks
	3.1 Elastic Optical Network Architecture
		3.1.1 Bandwidth-Variable Transponder
		3.1.2 Bandwidth-Variable Cross-Connect
	3.2 Node Architectures
		3.2.1 Broadcast-And-Select
		3.2.2 Spectrum Routing
		3.2.3 Switch and Select with Dynamic Functionality
		3.2.4 Architecture on Demand
		3.2.5 Comparing Node Architectures
4: Routing and Spectrum Allocation for Elastic Optical Networks
	4.1 RSA vs RWA
	4.2 Routing
		4.2.1 Routing Without Elastic Characteristics
			4.2.1.1 Fixed Routing
			4.2.1.2 Fixed Alternate Routing
			4.2.1.3 Least Congested Routing
			4.2.1.4 Adaptive Routing
			4.2.1.5 Comparisons of Routing Policies
		4.2.2 Routing with Elastic Characteristics
	4.3 Spectrum Allocation
		4.3.1 Spectrum Range Allocation for Connection Groups
			4.3.1.1 Fixed Spectrum Allocation
			4.3.1.2 Semi-Elastic Spectrum Allocation
			4.3.1.3 Elastic Spectrum Allocation
		4.3.2 Comparison of Spectrum Range Allocation Policies for Connection Groups
		4.3.3 Spectrum Slot Allocation for Individual Connection Request
			4.3.3.1 First Fit
			4.3.3.2 Random Fit
			4.3.3.3 Last Fit
			4.3.3.4 First-Last Fit
			4.3.3.5 Least Used
			4.3.3.6 Most Used
			4.3.3.7 Exact Fit
		4.3.4 Comparisons of Spectrum Allocation Policies for Individual Connection Requests
		4.3.5 Joint RSA
5: Different Aspects Related to Routing and Spectrum Allocation
	5.1 Fragmentation
		5.1.1 Proactive Fragmentation-Aware RSA
		5.1.2 Reactive Fragmentation-Aware RSA
	5.2 Modulation
		5.2.1 Offline Modulation Based Spectrum Allocation
		5.2.2 Online Modulation Based Spectrum Allocation
	5.3 Quality of Transmission
	5.4 Traffic Grooming
	5.5 Survivability
		5.5.1 Protection
		5.5.2 Restoration
	5.6 Energy Saving
	5.7 Networking Cost of SBVT
6: Spectrum Fragmentation Problems in Elastic Optical Networks
	6.1 Overview of Spectrum Fragmentation
	6.2 Fragmentation Metrics
		6.2.1 Measuring Fragmentation in a Link
			6.2.1.1 External Fragmentation Metric
			6.2.1.2 Entropy-Based Fragmentation Metric
			6.2.1.3 Access Blocking Probability Metric
			6.2.1.4 Comparing Different Link-Oriented Fragmentation Metrics
		6.2.2 Measuring Fragmentation in a Network
	6.3 Impact of Fragmentation on Spectrum Allocation Policies
		6.3.1 First Fit
		6.3.2 Random Fit
		6.3.3 Last Fit
		6.3.4 First-Last Fit
		6.3.5 Least Used
		6.3.6 Most Used
		6.3.7 Exact Fit
7: Spectrum Fragmentation Management Approaches Considering Non-Defragmentation
	7.1 Non-Defragmentation Approaches
		7.1.1 Partitioning Approaches
			7.1.1.1 Dedicated Partitioning
			7.1.1.2 Pseudo Partitioning
		7.1.2 Multipath Routing and Multigraph Approaches
	7.2 Related Works on Non-Defragmentation Approaches in EONs
		7.2.1 Multipath Routing
		7.2.2 Multigraph Approach
		7.2.3 Spectrum Partitioning
		7.2.4 Rerouting
	7.3 Performance Analysis of Non-Defragmentation Approaches
		7.3.1 Simulation Assumptions and Considered Parameters
		7.3.2 Numerical Results and Analysis
8: Spectrum Fragmentation Management Approaches Considering Defragmentation
	8.1 Defragmentation Approaches
		8.1.1 Non-hitless Defragmentation Approaches
		8.1.2 Hitless Defragmentation Approaches
			8.1.2.1 Hop Retuning
			8.1.2.2 Push-Pull Retuning
			8.1.2.3 Make-Before-Break Technique
			8.1.2.4 Comparison of Defragmentation Approaches
	8.2 Related Works on Defragmentation Approaches in EONs
		8.2.1 Hop Retuning
		8.2.2 Push-Pull Retuning
		8.2.3 Experimental Demonstrations Regarding Defragmentation Approaches
	8.3 Performance Analysis of Defragmentation Approaches
9: Spectrum Fragmentation Management Approaches in 1+1 Protected Elastic Optical Networks
	9.1 Overview
	9.2 Demonstration of Defragmentation Scheme Using Path Exchanging
	9.3 Defragmentation Scheme Using Path Exchanging Scheme
		9.3.1 Dynamic Spectrum Defragmentation
		9.3.2 Heuristic Algorithm
		9.3.3 Time and Spatial Complexity
	9.4 Performance Evaluation
	9.5 Related Works
10: Spectrum Fragmentation Management in Software-Defined Elastic Optical Networks
	10.1 Software-Defined Elastic Optical Networks
	10.2 Architecture of Sd-Eons
	10.3 Performance Evaluation
	10.4 Related Works
		10.4.1 Software-Defined Optical Networks and Network Virtualization
		10.4.2 Spectrum Management
11: Mathematical Modeling for Problems in Elastic Optical Networks
	11.1 Basics of Linear Programming
		11.1.1 Optimization Problem
		11.1.2 Linear Programming Problem
		11.1.3 Integer Linear Programming Problem
	11.2 Integer Linear Programming Formulation for Problems in Elastic Optical Networks
		11.2.1 Creating Partitioning in Spectrum
		11.2.2 Creating Disjoint Connection Group
		11.2.3 Route Partitioning
		11.2.4 Path Exchanging in 1+1 Protected EONs
		11.2.5 Path Exchanging in Reroutable Backup Paths in 1+1 Protected EONs
12: Computational Complexity Analysis for Problems in Elastic Optical Networks
	12.1 Basics of Computational Complexity Analysis
		12.1.1 Big O (O)
		12.1.2 Big Omega (Ω)
		12.1.3 Big Theta (Θ)
	12.2 NP-Completeness
		12.2.1 Approach to Prove NP-Completeness
	12.3 Proof of NP-Completeness
		12.3.1 3-Coloring
		12.3.2 Static Lightpath Establishment
		12.3.3 Routing and Spectrum Allocation
		12.3.4 Route Partitioning
13: Research Issues and Challenges in Elastic Optical Networks
	13.1 Hardware Development
	13.2 Network Control and Management
	13.3 Energy Consumption
	13.4 Physical Layer Impairments
	13.5 Spectrum Management
	13.6 Disaster Management
Answers to Exercises
References
Index