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دانلود کتاب Eight Billion Cheers for Direct Democracy: Direct Democracy is Humankind’s Last, Best, and Only Hope
دانلود کتاب هشت میلیارد تشویق برای دموکراسی مستقیم: دموکراسی مستقیم آخرین، بهترین و تنها امید بشر است
مشخصات کتاب
Eight Billion Cheers for Direct Democracy: Direct Democracy is Humankind’s Last, Best, and Only Hope
ویرایش:
نویسندگان: Moti Nissani
سری:
ISBN (شابک) : 9798201238902
ناشر: Dying of the Light Press
سال نشر: 2023
تعداد صفحات:
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : EPUB (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
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توجه داشته باشید کتاب هشت میلیارد تشویق برای دموکراسی مستقیم: دموکراسی مستقیم آخرین، بهترین و تنها امید بشر است نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب هشت میلیارد تشویق برای دموکراسی مستقیم: دموکراسی مستقیم آخرین، بهترین و تنها امید بشر است
هشت میلیارد تشویق برای دموکراسی مستقیم دفاع قانع کننده و جامعی از دموکراسی مستقیم ارائه می دهد. این استدلال می‌کند که دموکراسی مستقیم - در مقابل دموکراسی‌های نشانه‌ای مانند هند، فدراسیون روسیه یا ایالات متحده - بهترین امید را برای آینده‌ای آزاد، عادلانه، مرفه، صلح‌آمیز و پایدار فراهم می‌کند. از چارچوب دموکراسی مستقیم همانطور که زمانی توسط آتنی ها و سایر یونانی ها اعمال می شد و امروزه توسط برخی گروه های ملی استفاده می شود، دفاع می کند. این به طور خاص سیستم‌های تحت حاکمیت اقلیت‌ها مانند «دموکراسی‌های» نمایندگی، الیگارشی‌ها، حکومت‌های دینی، ترتیبات رئیس‌جمهور مادام العمر و دیکتاتوری‌ها را متهم می‌کند. با تلاش آگاهانه برای دوری از دید محدود متخصصان، رویکرد جامع تر این کتاب از مزایای مشخصی برخوردار است. این موضوع دموکراسی مستقیم را بسیار قانع‌کننده‌تر می‌کند. این امر بر ضرورت جایگزینی نظام های سیاسی فعلی با دموکراسی مستقیم تاکید می کند. این توضیح می‌دهد که چرا، به‌طور متناقض، اکثر مردم در بهترین حالت نسبت به ایده حکومت‌کردن خود بی‌اعتنا هستند. این به ما اجازه می دهد تا ببینیم که دموکراسی مستقیم، به دور از یک امر عجیب و غریب، شرط پیش فرض جوامع بشری است. با پوشش طولانی آتن و سوئیس، به ما امکان می دهد از دستاوردها، پیچیدگی ها و پتانسیل دموکراسی مستقیم قدردانی کنیم. با مقایسه دموکراسی‌های مستقیم و نماینده، به ما این امکان را می‌دهد تا ببینیم که می‌توانیم بهتر از آنچه اکنون انجام می‌دهیم، انجام دهیم و این کار را با ترکیب بهترین ویژگی‌های هر دو انجام می‌دهیم. با ارائه چند تصویر امروزی، نشان می‌دهد که دموکراسی مستقیم می‌تواند به همان اندازه که در گذشته انجام می‌داد، اکنون انجام دهد. در نهایت، این رویکرد طرح های مفیدی برای اجرای دموکراسی مستقیم در جهان معاصر ارائه می دهد. فصل 1 نشان می دهد که بشریت به طور نابخردانه، خودکشی، رسوا و بی رحمانه اداره می شود، در نتیجه منطق موضوع اصلی این کتاب را فراهم می کند: جست و جو برای یک سیستم حکومتی آزاد، پایدار، عادلانه و صلح آمیز. فصل دوم استدلال می‌کند که حاکمان نوع بشر همیشه از دموکراسی مستقیم هراس داشته‌اند، و از این رو به تبلیغات، استدلال‌های ساختگی، تحریف‌ها و سرکوب متوسل شده‌اند تا مطمئن شوند که دموکراسی واقعی هرگز دوباره ظهور نخواهد کرد. فصل 3 نشان می دهد که دموکراسی مستقیم در همه جا در بیشتر وجود انسان حاکم بوده است، و از این رو، آزادی، برابری، برادری، ثبات، همکاری و خوشبختی شرایط پیش فرض و طبیعی انسان ها هستند. فصل 4 حکومت دموکراتیک آتن باستان و دستاوردهای بی‌نظیر آن را بازسازی می‌کند، سپس نشان می‌دهد که آتنی‌ها دقیقاً به این دلیل که آزاد بودند به دستاوردهای زیادی دست یافتند. فصل 5 با مقایسه آن با ایالات متحده بر شگفتی دموکراسی آتن تأکید می کند و به این نتیجه می رسد که سیستم سیاسی ایده آل جنبه های مثبت «دموکراسی های» نمایندگی را با سیستم سیاسی و قضایی آتن ادغام می کند. فصل 6 استدلال می کند که دستاوردهای چشمگیر سوئیس الیگارشی را می توان در تمرکززدایی و جزء ناچیز دموکراسی مستقیم در قانون اساسی آن جستجو کرد. فصل هفتم پنج نمونه فعلی دموکراسی مستقیم را بررسی می‌کند و نشان می‌دهد که دموکراسی مستقیم می‌تواند به همان اندازه میوه‌های خوشمزه در جهان معاصر داشته باشد که در گروه‌های شکارچی-گردآورنده و در آتن باستان. فصل 8 استدلال می کند که از دموکراسی مستقیم بهتر از هر نظام سیاسی دیگری می توان در زمینه های اخلاقی، واقعی و نظری دفاع کرد. فصل 9 استدلال می کند که ما می توانیم به راحتی ویژگی های مثبت آزمایش شده و واقعی دموکراسی آتن را در جهان معاصر به کار ببریم. با این حال، موفقیت دموکراسی مستقیم اکنون به اجرای شش ویژگی دیگر بستگی دارد: 1. به حداقل رساندن شکاف بین غنی و فقیر. 2. سلب انحصار اطلاعات از دست الیگارش ها. 3. اعمال مجازات های کیفری شدید علیه ارتشاء آفتابی (تامین مالی کمپین). 4. اجباری کردن کنترل عمومی کل بانکداری و خلق پول. 5. حذف تراست های خصوصی و انحصارطلبی ها. 6. تضعیف حداکثری دولت مرکزی.
توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی
Eight Billion Cheers for Direct Democracy presents a compelling and comprehensive defense of direct democracy. It argues that direct democracy — as opposed to such token democracies as India, the Russian Federation, or the United States — provides the best hope for a free, just, prosperous, peaceful, and sustainable future. It defends the direct democracy framework as it was once practiced by the Athenians and other Greeks, and as it is practiced today by some subnational groups. It specifically indicts such minority-ruled systems as representative “democracies,” oligarchies, theocracies, president-for-life arrangements, and dictatorships. By consciously trying to avoid the narrow vision of specialists, the more holistic approach of this book enjoys distinct advantages. It makes the case for direct democracy far more compelling. It underscores the urgency of replacing current political systems with direct democracy. It explains why, paradoxically, most people are, at best, lukewarm about the idea of governing themselves. It allows us to see that, far from being an oddity, direct democracy is the default condition of human societies. By covering Athens and Switzerland at great length, it allows us to appreciate the achievements, intricacies, and potential of direct democracy. By comparing direct and representative democracies, it allows us to see that we can do better than we are doing now, and that we can do so by combining the best features of both. By providing a few present-day illustrations, it shows that direct democracy can accomplish just as much now as it did in the past. Finally, this approach provides useful blueprints for the implementation of direct democracy in the contemporary world. Chapter 1 shows that humanity is unwisely, suicidally, scandalously, and heartlessly governed, thereby providing the rationale for the main theme of this book: A search for a free, sustainable, just, and peaceful system of governance. Chapter 2 argues that the rulers of humankind have always dreaded direct democracy, and hence resorted to propaganda, phony arguments, distortions, and oppression to make sure that real democracy never rises again. Chapter 3 shows that direct democracy prevailed everywhere throughout most of human existence, and hence, that liberty, equality, fraternity, stability, cooperation, and happiness are the default, naturally-occurring, condition of human beings. Chapter 4 reconstructs the democratic governance of ancient Athens and its unparalleled achievements, then shows that the Athenians achieved so much precisely because they were free. Chapter 5 underscores again the marvel of Athenian democracy by comparing it to the USA, leading to the conclusion that the ideal political system would merge the positive aspects of representative “democracies” with the Athenian political and judicial system. Chapter 6 argues that oligarchic Switzerland's remarkable achievements can be traced to decentralization and to the meager direct democracy component of its constitution. Chapter 7 explores five current exemplars of direct democracy, showing that direct democracy could bear just as many delicious fruits in the contemporary world as it did in hunter-gatherer bands and in ancient Athens. Chapter 8 argues that direct democracy can be better defended on moral, factual, and theoretical grounds than any other political system. Chapter 9 argues that we can comfortably apply the tried-and-true positive features of Athenian democracy to the contemporary world. However, the success of direct democracy now depends on the implementation of six additional features: 1. Minimizing the gap between rich and poor. 2. Wresting information monopolies from oligarchs. 3. Applying severe criminal sanctions against sunshine bribery (campaign financing). 4. Mandating total public control of banking and money creation. 5. Eliminating private trusts and oligopolies. 6. Maximally enfeebling the central government.
فهرست مطالب
Notes and References Contents About The Author Preface Chapter 1: The World is So Wrong Reign of Oligarchs and Dictators The Oligarchic Mindset The Human Experiment is Probably Coming to an End Warnings of Extinction are Growing in Number and Shrillness A Multi-Pronged Approach The Tsiolkosvki (or Fermi) Paradox Nuclear Power Nuclear War Climate Disruptions Nanotechnology An Awake Computer Chemical Contamination of Soils, Air, Waters, and Living Organisms Genetically-Modified Organisms Biodiversity and Ecosystem Degradation Biological and Chemical Weapons Stratospheric Ozone Layer Depletion Other Known Risks Unsuspected Existing Risks New Technological Breakthroughs We are Playing Russian Roulette for no Reason Whatsoever (Except Giving more Profits and Power to Oligarchs) Summing up: What are the Chances of Human Extinction? Extinction: Parting Words Freedom Massacres and Genocides Prisoners of Starvation Causes of Hunger Three Bright Spots The Mystery of Mass Compliance Hunger: Conclusion War on Drug Addicts and Users Homelessness Unemployment Oligarch-Sanctioned Pedophilia Conclusion: Is This the Best We Can Do? Chapter 2: Conceptual Barriers against Direct Democracy Ignoring or Undervaluing the Direct Democracy of Hunter-Gatherers Promoting the Views of the Enemies of Direct Democracy Suppression of Democratic Views and Aspirations Controlling the Past Usurping the Word “Democracy” Other Semantic Tricks Parting Words for Chapter 2 Chapter 3: Direct Democracy is the Naturally Occurring Condition in Human Societies Introduction: Methodological Uncertainties and Approaches Throughout Most of their Existence, Human Beings Lived in Nomadic Bands and Tribes The Natural Political System is Direct Democracy, Freedom, Equal Rights, Economic Egalitarianism, Sharing, and Absence of Autocrats Limits to Power Civility and Hospitality Environmental Sustainability Hunter-Gatherers were Happier and more Cooperative than we are The Keys to Happiness? The Dark Side of Hunter-Gatherer Societies How Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity Were Lost Afterword Chapter 4: Athenian Democracy Geography and Early History Other Greek Democracies Besides Athens The Spirit of Athens Athenian Non-Military Achievements Military Achievements The Most Beautiful Political System Branches of Government People’s Assembly Council of 500 Arbitrators Law Courts Legislative Courts Boards of Officials Characteristics of Athenian Democracy Pay for Service The Polling Principle The Voluntary Principle The Random Principle (Sortition) Term Limits Minimum Age Requirements Scrutiny and Accountability of Officials Participation Rates and Personal Commitment Minimizing the Impact of Fraudsters, Freeloaders, and Crooks The Dilemma of Elected Officials Welfare and Public Ownership of Resources Decentralization Leaders and Decision-Makers Taming the Oligarchs Freedom Personal Safety and Crime Stability, Moderation, and Compassion Cultural Life Economy and Wealth Distribution A Causal Connection between Direct Democracy and Overall Excellence? The Dark Side of Athenian Democracy Fractional Democracy Never-Ending Wars Short-Sighted Imperialism Perennial Class War The Oligarchic Fifth Column An Inferiority Complex? Capital Punishment Over-Competitiveness Life Expectancy Infanticide Religious Intolerance Chapter 5: The USA versus Athens Why Compare Athens to the USA? America was not Conceived as a Democracy: Its Rich Founders were Inspired by Oligarchic Rome, Not by Democratic Athens America’s Founders Achieved their Goal: the USA has always been an Oligarchy The Wonderful Intentions — and Precious Few Meaningful Achievements — of America’s Direct Democracy Movement An Eagle’s Eye View of American “Democracy” Pillars of American “Democracy” The First Pillar of American “Democracy:” Sunshine Bribery The Second Pillar of American “Democracy:” Misinformation The Third Pillar of American “Democracy:” Lack of Transparency The Fourth Pillar of American “Democracy:” Compulsory “Education” The Fifth Pillar of American “Democracy:” Controlled, Manipulated, Trivialized, or Rigged Elections The Sixth Pillar of American “Democracy:” Broken Electoral Promises The Seventh Pillar of American “Democracy: The Conspiracy Theory Bogeyman The Eighth Pillar of American “Democracy:” The Inculcated Non-Violence Creed The Ninth Pillar of American “Democracy:” Leading, Infiltrating, and Co-Opting the Opposition The Tenth Pillar of American “Democracy:” Compartmentalization The Eleventh Pillar of American “Democracy:” Strategic Brilliance The Twelfth Pillar of American “Democracy:” Unchecked Power The Thirteenth Pillar of American “Democracy:” Banking System The Fourteenth Pillar of American “Democracy:” Environmentally-Caused Infirmities The Fifteenth Pillar of American “Democracy:” Human Nature The Sixteenth Pillar of American “Democracy:” Cloak and Dagger Political Franchise Cultural Achievements Military Achievements and Innovations Governmental Structures and Operations Term Limits Stability Initiation of Policy Accountability Rule of Law Equality Before the Law Legislation Citizens’ Attitudes Towards their Political System Freedom to Live as One Chooses Freedom of Speech Religious Freedom National Self-Determination Welfare Economic Freedom Plight of Workers The Right to Bear Arms Finance Wealth Inequalities Currency Debasement Privatization Personal Safety Suicides Life Expectancy Infanticide Compassion Luring the People into Wars Bellicosity, Imperialism, and Brinkmanship Justice System Incidence of Crime Treatment of the Elderly Class War Crimes Against the Biosphere Popular Entertainment Conclusion Chapter 6: Direct Democracy in Switzerland Geography and Early History Swiss Achievements Formal Features of the Swiss Political System Decentralization Direct Democracy Despite Decentralization, Despite the Direct Democracy Features and their Significant Impact, Switzerland is, for the Most Part, an Oligarchy By Definition, Switzerland is not a Direct Democracy The Devastating Impact of Vast Wealth Inequalities Composition of the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial Branches The Government is the Handmaiden of Oligarchs No Workplace Democracy and Weak Unions Government Spying on Citizens and Stifling Dissent No Rotation of Officials and No Sortition In Switzerland, the Road to Direct Democracy is an Obstacle Course Lack of Transparency Assistance from Foreign Oligarchs The Legal System Neo-Liberalism Two More Unsavory Features of Life of Switzerland The Future of Direct Democracy in Switzerland Switzerland and Athens: A Limited Convergence Case Studies: Interplay between Oligarchy and Direct Democracy Defense Preparations: 1935 Potentially Preempting Oligarchic Surrender Plans: 1938 Alternative Medicine: 2012 Sperm Count and Pesticides Conclusive Evidence that Decentralization and a Modicum of Direct Democracy have had a Significant Impact Parting Words for Chapter 6 Chapter 7: Contemporary Illustrations of Direct Democracy The Berlin Philharmonic History and General Description Extracurricular Activities Achievements and Accolades Job Satisfaction System of Governance Reasons for Excellence The Icelandic Demos vs. the International Bankers The Nature of Iceland’s “Democracy” Events Leading to the 2008 Financial Crisis The 2008 Collapse The Oligarchs’ Plan to Throw Icelanders under the Bus Mass Demonstrations: the Icelanders’ Response to the Crisis The Presidential Veto Clause Saving Iceland From the Vultures Aftermath Participatory Budgeting The Mondragon Co-Operative Network Most Contemporary Corporations are Oligarchies Origins and Master Plan of the Mondragon Co-Operative Network: José María Arizmendiarrieta General Characteristics of the Mondragon Co-Operative Complex: 2022 Achievements Governance Additional Weak Spots of the Mondragon Corporation The People of Switzerland and Italy vs. Nuclear Power Parting Words for Chapter 7 Chapter 8: A Theoretical Defense of Direct Democracy Arguments For Direct Democracy “If Government is for The People, Why Can’t the People Do the Governing?” Western Majorities Support a Move Towards Direct Democracy Loyalty to the Directly Democratic State or Organization, Energy for Public and Private Action, Greater General Prosperity Guaranteeing Everyone’s Rights and Interests Liberty Only Direct Democracy is Consistent with Personal Autonomy A Free Marketplace of Ideas Creativity Cognitive Diversity Social Justice An Acceptable (to Most People) Balance between Social Justice and Property Rights Direct Democracy is Far More Likely to Follow Legal Norms than Other Systems of Governance “The Many are Harder to Diddle – or to Bribe – than the Few” Direct Democracy Safeguards the Public Interest Raising the Level of Political Efficiency A Built-In Corrective Mechanism Placing Limits on Anyone’s Power and Curtailing the Ascent of Psychopaths and Criminals Only Direct Democracy Circumvents Michels’ Iron Law of Oligarchy The Plight of Minorities in Direct Democracies Direct Democracy = Ship of Fools? Chapter 9: Tentative Blueprints for Direct Democracy The Athenian Model for Future Direct Democracies The Proposal to Adopt the Athenian Model is Supported by Some Scholars Modifications and Improvements of the Athenian System Universal Franchise. Peace. Minimizing the Gap between Rich and Poor. Correcting Other Flaws of Athenian Democracy. Making Democracy Work Today Information Sunshine Bribery Banking and Money Creation Trusts and Oligopolies The Central Government The Referendum Model of Direct Democracy The Polling Principle (= Sortition, Demarchy, or Lottocracy) Epilogue
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