Egalitarianism and the Generation of Inequality

Contents......Page 8
Introduction......Page 12
Part I. The Rise Of Egalitarianism......Page 24
1. Early Principles of Inequality and Equality......Page 26
1.1 The Greek view of inequality......Page 27
1.2 Equality before the law of nature......Page 33
1.3 The medieval view of inequality......Page 37
2. The Transition to Liberalism......Page 45
2.1 The sources of change: the breaking up of authority......Page 46
2.2 The sources of change: the shaping of new habits of mind......Page 47
2.3 The impact of change: Sir Thomas More\'s Utopia......Page 52
2.4 Individualism......Page 61
3.1 Locke and equality......Page 70
3.2 The Declaration of Independence......Page 74
3.3 The Declaration of the Rights of Men and Citizens......Page 86
3.4 Social inequality as the British eighteenth century saw it......Page 107
3.5 The English tradition of revolt and levelling......Page 122
3.6 The limits of eighteenth-century liberalism......Page 131
4.1 Monetization and political arithmetick......Page 133
4.2 Taxation as an instrument of redistribution......Page 141
4.3 The bond of common humanity......Page 158
5.1 The obstacles to redistribution......Page 172
5.2 Early socialism—was not primarily egalitarian......Page 182
6.1 The rise of administration......Page 187
6.2 The later development of administration......Page 198
6.3 The expansion of resources......Page 204
6.4 A new view of society......Page 210
6.5 Marx and equality......Page 216
7.1 Changes in the setting......Page 220
7.2 The growing awareness of social need......Page 223
7.3 Changes of outlook......Page 227
7.4 The years of application......Page 236
7.5 The difference of attitudes in the United States......Page 252
8.1 The justification of inequality......Page 257
8.2 The grounds of belief in personal equality......Page 260
8.3 The possibility of changing society......Page 262
8.4 The promotion of egalitarianism as a practical policy......Page 265
8.5 A consideration of causes......Page 266
Part II. Distributions Of Income and Wealth in the Living Economy......Page 272
9.1 The method of display......Page 274
9.2 The definition of income and the choice of unit Statistical appendix......Page 284
10.1 The common form illustrated......Page 295
10.2 Further international comparisons......Page 304
10.3 The distribution of income in developing Countries......Page 306
10.4 The distribution of income in soviet-type economies......Page 311
11.1 The course of change in the United Kingdom......Page 316
11.2 The course of change in the United States......Page 331
11.3 The course of change in developing countries......Page 333
12.1 Measuring redistribution in principle and practice......Page 335
12.2 Redistribution of income in the United Kingdom......Page 339
12.3 Redistribution in Sweden......Page 347
12.4 Redistribution in the United States......Page 350
13.1 The paradox of prominence......Page 353
13.2 The limited sources of knowledge of wealth......Page 355
13.3 The distribution of wealth in the United Kingdom contrasted with that of income......Page 360
13.4 International comparisons of the distribution of wealth......Page 366
14.1 A dip into the fifteenth century......Page 373
14.2 English urban wealth in 1522–5......Page 376
14.3 The historical course of change in England and Wales......Page 383
14.4 Changes in the distribution of British wealth in the twentieth century......Page 386
14.5 The course of change in America......Page 394
15.1 Three approaches to formation......Page 405
15.2 The components of distributions......Page 406
15.3 The mathematical properties of the form of distribution......Page 420
15.4 The formation of distributions as an ongoing process: (i) incomes......Page 435
15.5 The formation of distributions as an ongoing process: (ii) wealth......Page 447
15.6 The great fortunes......Page 469
16.1 The form and extent of inequality......Page 477
16.2 How distributions are generated......Page 479
16.3 The sources of past change......Page 484
16.4 The possibilities of deliberate change......Page 487
PART III. Egalitarianism Analysed and Assessed......Page 491
17.1 Applications of equality......Page 493
17.2 Egalitarianism of the indistinguishable self: Rawls\'s Theory of Justice......Page 502
18. An Assessment of Egalitarianism......Page 513
18.2 Valuation by the market......Page 514
18.3 The acquisition and transmission of wealth......Page 520
18.4 The equality of humanity......Page 524
18.5 The advancement of the less advantaged......Page 529
References......Page 540
B......Page 553
C......Page 554
E......Page 555
G......Page 556
J......Page 557
M......Page 558
N......Page 560
P......Page 561
R......Page 563
T......Page 564
W......Page 566
Z......Page 567