Efficiency and Costing. Second Law Analysis of Processes

Title Page......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
ACS Symposium Series......Page 5
FOREWORD......Page 6
PdftkEmptyString......Page 0
PREFACE......Page 7
1 Second Law Analysis for Process and Energy Engineering......Page 9
I. Thermodynamic Principles......Page 10
Thermodynamics - Its Basic Implications......Page 11
The Roles of Thermodynamics......Page 14
Tools Used in Second Law Efficiency Analysis......Page 15
Second Law Efficiency--The True Efficiency......Page 17
The Methodology of Exergy Analyses......Page 18
A Survey of Typical Results of Second law Efficiency Analyses......Page 25
Conclusions -- Specific and General......Page 33
III. Benefit-Cost of Energy Conservation......Page 35
Conclusions......Page 39
IV. Exergy Economics - Cost Accounting Applications......Page 40
Costing Applications......Page 41
Design Applications......Page 44
Maintenance and Operation Decisions......Page 49
Closure......Page 50
Literature Cited......Page 52
2 Second Law Analysis to Improve Industrial Processes......Page 57
Opportunities in Process Improvement......Page 58
Hardware Improvements Can Also Be Identified......Page 64
Consider The Entire Energy System In Analysis......Page 68
Relation to Process Efficiencies......Page 70
Literature Cited......Page 73
3 Reversibility of Combustion Processes......Page 74
Technical Background......Page 75
Combustion with Intermediate Reactions......Page 78
Literature Cited......Page 88
4 Thermodynamic Analysis of Chemical Energy Transport......Page 89
Thermodynamic Framework......Page 92
Exergy Ratios of Primary and Secondary Energy Sources......Page 93
Comparisons of Alternatives for Process Steam Delivery......Page 95
THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF HTCHP METHANE-REFORMER PLANT......Page 98
Thermodynamic Losses in the Reformer Plant......Page 102
SUMMARY......Page 103
Literature Cited......Page 105
5 Thermodynamic Analysis of Gas Turbine Cycles with Chemical Reactions......Page 107
CYCLE CALCULATIONS......Page 109
IRREVERSIBILITIES IN A SIMPLE GAS-TURBINE CYCLE......Page 110
ANALYSES AND COMPARISON OF CASES......Page 112
SUMMARY......Page 117
Literature Cited......Page 119
Sulphuric Acid System......Page 120
Second Law Analysis......Page 121
Results And Discussion......Page 124
Areas of Improvement......Page 130
Summary......Page 133
Literature Cited......Page 134
Second Law Analysis for Steady State Flow Processes......Page 135
Exergetic analysis of a coal hydrogasification process as an example......Page 137
Thermoeconomic analysis for stationary flow processes......Page 144
Literature Cited......Page 145
8 Application of Exergy Analysis to the Design of a Waste Heat Recovery System for Coal Gasification......Page 147
Process Engineering Model......Page 148
Mathematical Model......Page 151
Results......Page 153
Technical Aspects......Page 156
Literature Cited......Page 159
Multiobjective Synthesis of Heat Exchanger Networks......Page 160
The Thermoeconomic Approach......Page 161
Thermoeconomic Aspects of Evolutionary Rules of Pehler and Liu......Page 164
The Evolutionary Development Method......Page 167
Thermoeconomic Analysis of Feasibility Rules of Linnhoff and Flower......Page 169
An Illustrative Example......Page 173
Literature Cited......Page 177
10 Hierarchical Structure Analysis Based on Energy and Exergy Transformation of a Process System......Page 178
Thermodynamics of a Process and a Process System......Page 179
Example Processes......Page 181
Special processes without flow of materials......Page 182
Other typical processes......Page 185
Thermodynamics of a process system......Page 189
Energy and Exergy Transformation in a Process System......Page 191
Basic structures of a process system......Page 193
Summary of SPEED analysis......Page 204
Conclusion......Page 207
Appendix 1 Efficiency of exergy transformation......Page 208
Literature Cited......Page 210
11 Strategic Use of Thermoeconomics for System Improvement......Page 211
Potential Work and Lost Work Functions......Page 212
The Costing of Exergies and Dissipations......Page 213
Performance-Cost Modeling......Page 214
Thermoeconomic Accounting......Page 215
Thermoeconomic Optimization......Page 216
A Thermoeconomic Strategy......Page 219
Nomenclature......Page 231
Literature Cited......Page 232
Appendix A Lagrange's Method Revisited......Page 233
12 Essergetic Functional Analysis for Process Design and Synthesis......Page 235
A Description of Essergetic Functional Analysis......Page 236
Preliminary Second Law Analysis of the Main Thermal Components......Page 242
Internal Correction Factors......Page 249
Optimum Number of Feedwater Heaters......Page 252
Conclusion......Page 254
Literature Cited......Page 255
13 Thermoeconomic Optimization of a Rankine Cycle Cogeneration System......Page 258
Description of the Optimization Technique......Page 259
System Model......Page 262
Results and Conclusions......Page 270
Closure......Page 279
Literature Cited......Page 283
14 Application of Second Law Based Design Optimization to Mass Transfer Processes......Page 284
Derivation of the Entropy Production Equation......Page 285
Application to Simple Tower Design......Page 290
Results and Conclusions......Page 296
Closure......Page 298
Legend of Subscrips......Page 299
Literature Cited......Page 300
15 Multiobjective Optimal Synthesis......Page 302
Generation of the Non-Inferior Set......Page 304
Selection of the Preferred Decision......Page 305
Example......Page 306
Discussion and Conclusion......Page 315
Nomenclature......Page 318
Greek Symbols......Page 319
Literature Cited......Page 320
Appendix A: Thermodynamic Background......Page 322
Appendix B: List of the Performance Equations for Determining the Non-Inferior Set......Page 324
16 Multiobjective Analysis for Energy and Resource Conservation in an Evaporation System......Page 328
Energy and Resource Conservation in the Process System......Page 329
Two-Objective Analysis......Page 330
Illustrative Example: Energy and Resource Conservation for a Milk Concentration Process......Page 332
......Page 341
Literature Cited......Page 342
17 Energy and Exergy Estimation Using the Group Contribution Method......Page 343
Chemical State......Page 344
Dead State (or Idealized Reference State)......Page 345
Group Contribution Method......Page 347
Specific Chemical Exergies of Gaseous and Liquid Chemicals, ε0g and ε0ℓ......Page 350
Examples......Page 351
Results and Discussion......Page 354
Notation
......Page 361
Literature Cited......Page 362
18 Thermodynamic Properties of Coal and Coal-Derived Liquids Evaluation and Application to the Exergy Analysis of a Coal Liquefaction Process......Page 364
Thermodynamic Properties of Coal and Coal-Derived Liquids......Page 365
Exergy Analysis of H-Coal Process......Page 373
Conclusion......Page 381
Literature Cited......Page 383
19 Thermodynamic Availability of Solar Radiation with Special Attention to Atmospheric Rayleigh Scattering......Page 385
Analysis......Page 391
Assumptions and Procedures......Page 393
Discussion of Results.......Page 396
Conclusions......Page 401
Appendix......Page 402
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 405
B. Selected Textbooks and Published Notes on Second Law Analysis......Page 406
D. General Publications on the Theory and Applications of Second Law Analysis......Page 407
E. General Publications on Second Law Analysis and Energy Utilization......Page 411
F. Basic Principles and Applications of Thermoeconomics and Available Energy Costing......Page 414
G. Applications of Second Law Analysis to the Design, Evaluation and Optimization of Cryogenic Equipment/Processes......Page 415
H. Applications of Second Law Analysis to the Design, Evaluation and Optimization of Desalination Processes......Page 417
I. Applications of Second Law Analysis to the Design, Evaluation and Optimization of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer(Thermal) Equipment/Processes, Including Solar Energy Systems......Page 418
J . Applications of Second Law Analysis to the Design, Evaluation and Optimization of Power Plants and Complex Energy Systems, Including Electrochemical, Geothermal, Nuclear and Hydrogen Energy Systems......Page 423
K. Applications of Second Law Analysis to the Design, Evaluation and Optimization of Mass Transfer and Separation Equipment/Processes......Page 426
L. Applications of Second Law Analysis to the Design, Evaluation and Optimization of Combustion and Chemical Reaction Processes......Page 428
M. Applications of Second Law Analysis to the Design, Evaluation and Optimization of Fuel Conversion Processes......Page 430
N. Applications of Second Law Analysis to the Optimal Design and Systematic Synthesis of Energy-Efficient Chemical Processes......Page 433
Author Index......Page 437
B......Page 438
C......Page 439
E......Page 440
F......Page 442
H......Page 443
M......Page 444
P......Page 445
S......Page 446
T......Page 447
W......Page 448
Z......Page 449