Educing Information: Interrogation -- Science and Art: Foundations for the Future: Phase 1 Report

Cover\r......Page 1
Title Page\r......Page 2
Members of Intelligence Science Board Senior\rAdvisory Group on Educing Information\r......Page 4
Membership......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 8
Foreword......Page 10
Research on Interrogation Techniques......Page 14
Efforts to Improve Interrogation Practices......Page 16
Educing Information: The Right Initiative at\rthe Right Time by the Right People\r......Page 18
Educing Information: Interrogation—\rScience and Art\r......Page 24
Dr. Randy Borum......Page 30
Colonel Steven M. Kleinman,......Page 31
M.P. Rowe, Ph.......Page 32
Theresa M. Dillon......Page 33
Terminology......Page 34
Literature Review......Page 35
Interviews and Consultations......Page 36
2. Approaching Truth: Behavioral Science Lessons on Educing Information from Human Sources......Page 37
6. Custodial Interrogations: What We Know, What We Do, and What We Can Learn from Law Enforcement Experiences......Page 38
11. Educing Information Bibliography......Page 39
Introduction......Page 40
National Security......Page 41
Coercion and Knowledge......Page 42
Intimidation of Terrorists and Their Supporters......Page 43
Ethical Concerns and the Rule of Law......Page 44
Danger to Troops and Others at Risk of Capture......Page 46
U.S. Leadership on Human Rights......Page 47
Conclusion......Page 48
Introduction......Page 50
Background......Page 51
Educing Information from Uncooperative Sources......Page 52
Negotiation Theory......Page 53
Strategies Affecting Willingness to Provide Information......Page 54
Increasing a Source’s Motivation to Share Information......Page 55
Fear and Coercion......Page 57
New-Age Technologies......Page 59
I. Sidestep Resistance......Page 61
V. Disrupt Resistance......Page 62
Implications......Page 63
Memory......Page 64
Stress and Duress......Page 65
Sleep Loss/Deprivation......Page 66
Sensory Deprivation......Page 67
Key Findings......Page 68
What is resistance and what strategies exist for getting past it?......Page 69
What is known about the effect of Stress and Duress techniques for educing accurate, useful information?......Page 70
References......Page 71
Introduction......Page 78
Background......Page 79
Beliefs vs. Reality......Page 80
Sampling Problems......Page 83
Operational Realities......Page 85
Recommendations......Page 86
References......Page 88
Introduction......Page 96
Psychophysiological Mechanisms......Page 97
Potential......Page 98
Electrogastrogram......Page 99
Radar Vital Signs Monitor......Page 100
Facial Expressions......Page 101
Eye Blinks, Saccades, and Fixations......Page 102
Voice Stress Analysis......Page 104
Thermal Imaging......Page 105
Truth Serums/Narcoanalysis......Page 106
Neurological Mechanisms......Page 107
Electroencephalography (EEG)......Page 108
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)......Page 109
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)......Page 110
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 111
Functional Near -Infrared-Spectroscopy (NIRS)\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0......Page 113
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)......Page 114
Discussion......Page 115
Current Status......Page 117
References......Page 119
Abstract......Page 128
Interrogation: A Definition......Page 129
Focus on Communist Methods of Interrogation......Page 130
The Objective of an Interrogation: Information or Confession?......Page 132
Foreign Intelligence......Page 133
Qualities of an Effective Interrogator......Page 134
The Emotional Component of Interrogation......Page 135
Reliability of Casual Observation......Page 136
Analytical Support to Interrogation......Page 137
Psychological Assessment: Categorizing Sources by Personality Type......Page 138
Screening: Overlooking a Critical Phase of the Exploitation Process......Page 139
Chess in the Real World......Page 141
Saving Face: Helping the Source to Concede......Page 142
A Systematic Approach to Interrogation: More Than the Sum of Its Parts......Page 144
Capturing the Advantages of Technology: Monitoring Interrogations......Page 145
Pressures and the Non-Coercive Interrogation Model......Page 147
Deconstructing Resistance......Page 149
Parallel Worlds: Inside and Outside the Interrogation Room......Page 151
Reconnaissance: Maintaining an Outcome-Orientation......Page 152
Question Design: Tools of the Trade......Page 154
Veracity vs. Knowledgeability......Page 155
The Strategy of Non-Coercive Interrogation......Page 156
The Regression Factor: The Fundamental Objective of Coercive Methodology......Page 163
Obstacles to Meaningful Intelligence: The Negative Effects of Coercion......Page 165
Shock of Capture: A Strategic Inflection Point in an Interrogation......Page 166
The Challenge of Apathy......Page 168
The Effects of Isolation......Page 169
The Interrogator’s Checklist......Page 171
Findings......Page 172
6\rCustodial Interrogations: What We Know,\rWhat We Do, and What We Can Learn from\rLaw Enforcement Experiences\r......Page 174
Abstract......Page 175
Introduction......Page 176
PART I. LITERATURE REVIEW Section 1. Theoretical Approaches to Confessions......Page 177
How Often Do Suspects Confess?......Page 196
Factors Associated with Admissions and Denials......Page 200
Section 3. Interrogation Techniques in the Literature......Page 207
Characteristics / Qualifications of the Interrogator......Page 208
Pre-Interrogation Fact-Gathering and Analysis......Page 210
The Interrogation Setting......Page 211
Pre-Interrogation Interview and Rapport-Building......Page 213
Types of Questions for the Interview......Page 215
Behavior Symptom Analysis......Page 216
Truthful Suspect Deceptive Suspect......Page 217
Kinesic Analysis......Page 218
Interrogating the Suspect......Page 219
Detecting Deception......Page 230
Section 4. How an Interrogation Can Go Wrong......Page 233
Section 5. Theory vs. Technique in the Literature......Page 234
The antecedents and consequences of confessions.......Page 189
Section 6. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI Academy at Quantico, Virginia)......Page 237
Section 7. Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC)......Page 242
Section 8. Boston Police Department — Homicide Division......Page 247
Section 9. Case Study of One Detective......Page 251
Interrogation in Great Britain......Page 253
Section 11. Videotaping Interrogations: The Law and Practice......Page 256
Section 12. Summary: Interrogation Literature vs. Law Enforcement Practice......Page 259
PART III: RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TERRORISM Section 13. Recommendations for Future Research......Page 263
Section 14. Implications for Investigation and Prevention of Terrorism......Page 264
Introduction......Page 268
The U.S. Foreign Language Gap......Page 269
Linguist-Interrogators vs. the Use of Interpreters......Page 270
Southeast Asian Languages......Page 273
Culture + Language = Tools for Building Operational Accord......Page 277
Cultural Context: Knowing the Enemy......Page 278
Breaking The Cultural Barrier — Shaping Logical Appeals to the Source’s Belief Structure......Page 279
Centers of Gravity in the Global War on Terrorism......Page 280
The Challenge of Technical Support to Interrogation......Page 281
Interpersonal/Intrapersonal Barriers......Page 283
Systems Approach......Page 284
The Overriding Objective......Page 285
Making Sense of Chaos and Ambiguity......Page 289
Decision-Making Cycles: The Importance of Agility and the Role of Ambiguity......Page 290
Competitive Decision-Making: Applying Boyd’s OODA Loop to Educing Information......Page 291
The OODA Loop and Educing Information......Page 292
Example of Observation:......Page 293
Example of Decision:......Page 294
Example of Action:......Page 295
Educing Information in the Last (or Current) War......Page 296
Toward a Third Generation in Educing Information......Page 297
Brief Background......Page 300
Expanding the Pie......Page 301
Invent Options for Mutual Gain......Page 304
Unbundle One Issue into Many......Page 305
Strategic Moves at the Negotiation Table......Page 306
Actions Away From the Negotiation Table......Page 308
Framing a Yesable Proposition......Page 309
Currently Perceived Choice Chart.......Page 310
Future Target Choice of a Decision Maker.......Page 311
Capitalizing on People’s Emotional Reactions......Page 312
Summary......Page 313
Legitimacy......Page 314
Relationship......Page 315
Works Cited......Page 316
Abstract......Page 318
Introduction......Page 319
Positive Strategies......Page 320
Tangibles......Page 321
Interests vs. Positions......Page 322
Moving Among the Positive Strategies......Page 323
Negative Strategies......Page 324
Legitimate Authority......Page 326
Force, and Threats of Force......Page 327
Information Power......Page 328
Elegant Solutions......Page 329
Commitment Power......Page 330
Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement (BATNA) or Fallback Position......Page 331
For Effectiveness: Prepare, Prepare, Prepare......Page 332
Preparing with Respect to the Interests of the Source......Page 333
The Need for Research about Negotiations and EI......Page 334
Need for Scientific Investigation of Eduction Practices......Page 336
Venue 1: Objective Analysis of Contemporary Interrogations......Page 338
Venue 2: Objective Analysis of Historical Interrogations......Page 339
Venue 6: Research with Foreign Personnel......Page 341
Research venues appropriate for different types of eduction practices.......Page 342
Conclusion......Page 343
Interrogation Best Practices......Page 344
Interrogation Case Studies......Page 346
Interrogation Policies, Practices and Research......Page 348
Interrogation as Dialogue......Page 355
Captivity Dynamics......Page 356
Obedience to Authority......Page 357
Law Enforcement Tradition......Page 358
The Torture Debate......Page 360
B......Page 362
C......Page 363
F......Page 364
H......Page 365
K......Page 366
N......Page 367
P......Page 368
R......Page 369
S......Page 370
U......Page 371
Y......Page 372