Educational Research and Innovation Measuring Innovation in Education 2019 What Has Changed in the Classroom?: What Has Changed in the Classroom?

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Executive summary
	How we measure innovation in education
	What has changed in the past decade
	Next steps
Chapter 1.   Overview
	Why measure innovation in education?
	How do we define innovation in education?
	What are the different ways to measure innovation in education?
	How do we measure innovation in education in this publication?
	What educational practices do we cover?
	Is innovation necessarily “innovative”?
	Country coverage
		Education systems covered in this edition
		Education systems covered in the online tables
	Systemic innovation in primary and secondary education
	Pedagogical innovation
	Technology-related innovation
	Innovation in teacher professional development
	Innovation and education systems’ performance
	What are the drivers of innovation?
	Towards an international survey instrument on innovation in education
	References
		Part I.  Innovation (and stability) in 150 educational practices
Part I. Innovation (and stability) in 150 educational practices
	Chapter 2.   Innovation in practices to develop technical skills in mathematics
		1. Memorising rules, procedures and facts  as a pedagogical technique in mathematics
			Primary education
			Secondary education
		2. Practising skills and procedures in computers in mathematics
			Primary education
			Secondary education
		3. Using digital devices for practising and drilling  such as for foreign language learning and mathematics
		4. Solving problems without an immediately obvious method of solution
		5. Processing and analysing data on computers
	Chapter 3.   Innovation in practices to develop technical skills in science
		6. Memorising rules, procedures and facts as  a pedagogical technique in science
			Primary education
			Secondary education
		7. Using scientific formulas and laws to solve routine problems
		8. Processing and analysing data on computers in science
		9. Practising skills and procedures on computers in science
			Primary education
			Secondary education
		10. Studying natural phenomena through computer simulations
			Primary education
			Secondary education
		11. Watching teachers demonstrate experiments
			Primary education
			Secondary education
		12. Students conducting experiments and investigations
			Primary education
			Secondary education
		13. Students doing practical experiments in laboratories
	Chapter 4.   Innovation in practices to develop reading and language art skills
		14. Teaching strategies for decoding sounds and words
		15. Teaching new vocabulary systematically
		16. Students explaining their understanding of a text
		17. Students explaining the style and structure of a text
		18. Students drawing inferences and generalisations from a text
		19. Students identifying the main ideas of a text
		20. Students using computers to write stories and texts during reading lessons
		21. Oral explanation and summarisation of a text
	Chapter 5.   Innovation in practices to develop cross-disciplinary technical skills
		22. Reading textbooks and resource materials in science
			Primary education
			Secondary education
		23. Reading non-fiction work
		24. Using computers to look for information in reading
		25. Using computers to look up for ideas and information in mathematics
			Primary education
			Secondary education
		26. Using computers to look up for ideas and information in science
			Primary education
			Secondary education
	Chapter 6.   Innovation in practices to develop higher order skills in science and reading
		27. Observing and describing natural phenomena
			Primary education
			Secondary education
		28. Asking students to design and plan science experiments
			Primary education
			Secondary education
		29. Asking students to draw conclusions from an experiment in science
		30. Teacher explaining relevance of broad science topics in everyday life
		31. Teacher explaining practical application of school science topics
		32. Students comparing read text with their own experiences
		33. Opportunities for students to explain their ideas
		34. Making predictions about what will happen next in read text
		35. Using digital devices for playing simulations at school
		36. Allowing students to design their own experiments
	Chapter 7.   Innovation in personalised, collaborative and teacher-directed learning practices in reading
		37. Making students read items of their choice
		38. Giving students time to read books of their own choice
		39. Individualised instruction for reading
		40. Frequency of teaching reading as a whole-class activity
		41. Students working independently on an assigned plan or goal in reading
		42. Frequency of teachers reading aloud to the class
		43. Students’ peer discussion on read text
		44. Use of school computers for group work and communication with other students
		45. Same-ability class groups in reading lessons
		46. Mixed-ability class groups in reading lessons
	Chapter 8.   Innovation in homework practices
		47. Frequency of homework
			Mathematics
			Science
		48. Monitoring homework completion
			Mathematics
			Science
		49. Students correcting their own homework
			Mathematics
			Science
		50. Discussion of homework in class
			Mathematics
			Science
	Chapter 9.   Innovation in assessment practices
		51. Frequency of correction of assignment and feedback
			Mathematics
			Science
		52. Emphasis on classroom tests
			Mathematics
			Science
		53. Emphasis on national or regional achievement tests
			Mathematics
			Science
		54. Written test in reading
		55. Emphasis on classroom tests in reading
		56. Emphasis on national or regional tests in reading
	Chapter 10.   Innovation in learning scaffolding practices in reading
		57. Availability of teacher aide or an adult volunteer to work with students who have difficulty with reading
		58. Waiting for maturation to improve performance if a student begins to fall behind in reading
		59. Spending more time on reading individually with students beginning to fall behind in reading
		60. Parental help if a student begins to fall behind in reading
	Chapter 11.   Innovation in access and use of learning resources
		61. Availability of science laboratory for students
			Primary education
			Secondary education
		62. Availability of a school library
		63. Availability of a library or a reading corner in the classroom
		64. Allowing students to borrow books from the classroom library
		65. Frequency of use of computers or tablets in elementary schools
		66. Students visiting a library other than their classroom library
		67. Access to desktop computers for students’ use at school
		68. Availability of portable laptops or notebooks for use at school
		69.  Availability of computers and tablets to use during reading lessons
		70. Availability of computers and tablets to use during mathematics lessons
			Primary education
			Secondary education
		71. Availability of computers and tablets to use during science lessons
			Primary education
			Secondary education
	Chapter 12.   Innovation in various school-level practices
		72. Student grouping by ability into different classes
		73. Student grouping by ability within classes
		74. Tracking achievement data over time by an administrative authority
		75. Public posting of school achievement data (e.g. in the media)
		76. Incentives to recruit or retain 8th grade teachers
			Mathematics
			Science
			Other subjects than Mathematics and Science
				Change at the OECD level: small
				Countries where there has been the most change
		77. Degree of parental involvement
			Primary education
			Secondary education
	Chapter 13.   Innovation in teacher professional development and collaborative practices
		78. Teacher participation in professional development in mathematics and science content
			Mathematics
				Primary education
				Secondary education
			Science
				Primary education
				Secondary education
		79. Teacher participation in professional development on pedagogy or instruction
			Mathematics
				Primary education
				Secondary education
			Science
				Primary education
				Secondary education
		80. Teacher participation in professional development on curriculum
			Mathematics
				Primary education
				Secondary education
			Science
				Primary education
				Secondary education
		81. Teacher participation in a programme to integrate information technology into mathematics and science
			Mathematics
				Primary education
				Secondary education
			Science
				Primary education
				Secondary education
		82. Teacher participation in a programme for improving students’ critical thinking or problem-solving skills
			Mathematics
				Primary education
				Secondary education
			Science
				Primary education
				Secondary education
		83. Teacher participation in professional development on mathematics and science assessments
			Mathematics
				Primary education
				Secondary education
			Science
				Primary education
				Secondary education
		84.  Teachers having assistance available when students are conducting science experiments
			Primary education
			Secondary education
		85. Discussing how to teach a particular topic
			Primary education
			Secondary education
				Mathematics
				Science
		86. Collaborating in planning and preparing instructional material
			Primary education
			Secondary education
				Mathematics
				Science
		87. Visiting another classroom to learn more about teaching
			Primary education
			Secondary education
				Mathematics
				Science
					Part II.  Innovation by level and category of practice and educational performance
Part II. Innovation by level and category of practice and educational performance
	Chapter 14.   Innovation by education level and broad category of practice
		Innovation in primary and secondary education
			Innovation in primary and secondary education: moderate
			Drivers of change
		Innovation in primary education
			Innovation in primary education: moderate
			Drivers of change
		Innovation in secondary education
			Innovation in secondary education: moderate
			Drivers of change
		Innovation in reading education
			Innovation in reading education: moderate
			Drivers of change
		Innovation in mathematics education
			Innovation in mathematics education: moderate
			Drivers of change
		Innovation in science education
			Innovation in science education: moderate
			Drivers of change
		Innovation in the availability of computers in schools
			Innovation in the availability of computers in schools: large
			Drivers of change
		Innovation in the use of ICT in schools
			Innovation in the use of ICT in schools: moderate
			Drivers of change
		Innovation in homework practices
			Innovation in homework practices: moderate
			Drivers of change
		Innovation in assessment practices
			Innovation in assessment practices: moderate
			Drivers of change
		Innovation in active learning practices in science education
			Innovation in active learning in science education: moderate
			Drivers of change
		Innovation in practices fostering higher order skills
			Innovation in practices fostering higher order skills: moderate
			Drivers of change
		Innovation in rote learning practices
			Innovation in rote learning practices: moderate
			Drivers of change
		Innovation in independent knowledge acquisition practices
			Innovation in independent knowledge acquisition: large
			Drivers of change
		Innovation in the availability of school learning resources
			Innovation in the availability of school learning resources: moderate
			Drivers of the change
		Innovation in formal teacher training
			Innovation in teacher training: moderate
			Drivers of change
		Innovation in teachers’ peer learning
			Innovation in teachers’ peer learning: large
			Drivers of change
		Innovation in school external relations and human resource management (HRM)
			Innovation in school external relations and HRM: moderate
			Drivers of the change
	Chapter 15.   Innovation and educational outcomes
		Linking innovation to educational outcomes
		Innovation and academic outcomes in primary education
		Innovation and academic outcomes in secondary education
		Innovation and student enjoyment in science education
		Innovation and student satisfaction
		Innovation and equity in education
		Innovation and teachers’ collective self-efficacy
		Innovation and teachers’ collective ambition for their students
		Innovation and change in educational expenditures
			Part III.  Country innovation indices
Chapter 16.   Countries’ innovation dashboards
	Australia
	Canada (Ontario)
	Canada (Quebec)
	Hungary
	Israel
	Italy
	Japan
	Korea
	Lithuania
	New Zealand
	Norway
	Slovenia
	Sweden
	United Kingdom (England)
	United States of America
	OECD (Country average)
	Hong Kong, China
	Indonesia
	Russian Federation
	Singapore
Annex A.  Data sources and methods
	Data sources: overview
	Coverage of the statistics
	Country coverage
	Sample sizes
	Year coverage
	Calculation of cross-country means and totals
	Calculation of effect sizes
	Further resources
Annex B.   Composite indices of innovation
	Creating the indices
	Education level, discipline level, and overall indices of innovation
	ICT and thematic indices
	Missing values
	Criteria for including questions in the indices
	Developing and reporting the indices
	Cautions
		Question inclusion
		Education system coverage
		OECD average
		Time periods
		Interpreting the findings
Annex C.   List of tables available online
Country index
Blank Page