Educational psychology : windows on classrooms

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
About the Authors......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Brief Contents......Page 14
Contents......Page 16
Chapter 1: Educational Psychology: Understanding Learning and Teaching......Page 23
 The Preeminence of Teachers......Page 26
  Professional Knowledge......Page 27
 The Role of Research in Acquiring Professional Knowledge......Page 36
  Quantitative Research......Page 37
  Action Research......Page 38
  Research and the Development of Theory......Page 39
  Standards and Accountability......Page 41
  Teacher Licensure and Evaluation......Page 43
  Learner Diversity......Page 45
  Technology......Page 46
  The Influence of Neuroscience......Page 47
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Applying Your Professional Knowledge in Today’s Classrooms......Page 48
 Chapter 1: Summary......Page 50
 Preparing for Your Licensure Exam: Understanding Professional Knowledge......Page 51
 Questions for Case Analysis......Page 53
 Important Concepts......Page 54
Chapter 2: Cognitive and Language Development......Page 55
 What Is Development?......Page 57
  Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Model of Development......Page 58
  The Neuroscience of Development......Page 61
 Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development......Page 66
  The Drive for Equilibrium......Page 67
  Responding to Experiences: Assimilation and Accommodation......Page 68
  Stages of Development......Page 70
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Applying Piaget’s Theory with Your Students......Page 75
 Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development......Page 78
  Learning and Development in a Cultural Context......Page 79
  Scaffolding: Interactive Instructional Support......Page 81
  Diversity: Culture and Development......Page 82
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Applying Vygotsky’s Theory with Your Students......Page 83
  Theories of Language Development......Page 90
  Language Development in the School Years......Page 91
  Using Language to Learn......Page 92
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Helping Your Students Develop Language Abilities......Page 95
  Chapter 2: Summary......Page 98
  Preparing for Your Licensure Exam: Understanding Cognitive and Language Development......Page 99
  Important Concepts......Page 100
Chapter 3: Personal, Social, and Moral Development......Page 101
 Personality Development......Page 103
  Temperament......Page 104
  Environmental Influences on Personality Development......Page 105
  Personality Development and Emotions......Page 107
  Personality Development and Achievement......Page 110
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Supporting Your Students’ Personality Development......Page 111
 Development of Identity and Self-Concept......Page 114
  Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development......Page 115
  Contemporary Views of Identity Development......Page 116
  Diversity: Ethnic Identity......Page 119
  The Development of Self-Concept......Page 120
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Supporting Your Students’ Identity and Self-Concept Development......Page 121
  Influences on Social Development......Page 125
  Perspective Taking: Understanding Others’ Thoughts and Feelings......Page 127
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Applying an Understanding of Social Development with Your Students......Page 128
  Society’s Interest in Moral Development......Page 131
  Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development......Page 132
  Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development......Page 133
  Gender Differences: The Morality of Caring......Page 136
  Emotional Factors in Moral Development......Page 137
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Promoting Moral Development in Your Students......Page 138
  Obesity......Page 141
  Child Abuse......Page 143
  Peer Aggression......Page 144
 Chapter 3: Summary......Page 148
 Preparing for Your Licensure Exam: Understanding Personal, Emotional, Social, and Moral Development......Page 149
 Important Concepts......Page 150
Chapter 4: Learner Diversity......Page 151
  Ethnicity......Page 154
  Culture and Classrooms......Page 155
  English Learners......Page 159
  English Dialects......Page 162
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Teaching Students in Your Classes Who Are Culturally and Linguistically Diverse......Page 163
 Gender......Page 167
  School-Related Gender Differences......Page 169
  Boys’ and Girls’ Classroom Behavior......Page 170
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Responding to Gender Issues with Your Students......Page 171
 Socioeconomic Status......Page 173
  Poverty......Page 174
  Socioeconomic Factors That Influence Learning......Page 176
  Socioeconomic Status and Students at Risk......Page 178
  Students at Risk and Resilience......Page 179
  SES: Cautions and Implications for Teachers......Page 180
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Promoting Resilience in Your Students......Page 181
 Chapter 4: Summary......Page 186
 Preparing for Your Licensure Exam: Understanding Learner Diversity......Page 187
 Important Concepts......Page 188
Chapter 5: Learners with Exceptionalities......Page 189
  Psychometric Descriptions of Intelligence......Page 191
  Multitrait Views of Intelligence......Page 193
  Intelligence: Ability Grouping......Page 195
  Learning Styles......Page 198
 The Legal Basis for Working with Students with Exceptionalities......Page 200
  Major Provisions of IDEA......Page 201
  Identifying Students with Exceptionalities......Page 204
  Diversity: Cautions in the Identification Process......Page 205
 Exceptionalities and Learning Problems......Page 206
  Categories of Exceptionalities......Page 207
  The Neuroscience of Exceptionalities......Page 220
  Characteristics of Students Who Are Gifted and Talented......Page 222
  Programs for Students Who Are Gifted and Talented......Page 223
 Teachers’ Responsibilities in Inclusive Classrooms......Page 224
  Modifying Instruction to Meet Students’ Needs......Page 225
  Collaborating with Other Professionals......Page 227
  Promoting Social Integration and Development......Page 228
 Chapter 5: Summary......Page 231
 Preparing for Your Licensure Exam: Understanding Learners with Exceptionalities......Page 232
 Important Concepts......Page 234
Chapter 6: Behaviorism and Social Cognitive Theory......Page 235
 Behaviorist Views of Learning......Page 237
  Classical Conditioning......Page 238
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Applying Classical Conditioning with Your Students......Page 240
  Operant Conditioning......Page 241
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Applying Operant Conditioning with Your Students......Page 250
  Applied Behavior Analysis......Page 255
  Diversity: Capitalizing on Behaviorism in Working with Learners From Diverse Backgrounds......Page 259
 Social Cognitive Theory......Page 261
  Comparing Behaviorism and Social Cognitive Theory......Page 262
  Modeling......Page 263
  Self-Regulation......Page 269
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Using Social Cognitive Theory to Increase Your Students’ Learning......Page 274
 Chapter 6: Summary......Page 280
 Questions for Case Analysis......Page 281
 Important Concepts......Page 282
Chapter 7: Cognitive Views of Learning......Page 283
  Principles of Cognitive Learning Theory......Page 286
  A Model of Human Memory......Page 289
  Working Memory......Page 291
  Long-Term Memory......Page 295
  Developmental Differences in the Memory Stores......Page 299
  The Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory......Page 300
 Cognitive Processes......Page 302
  Attention......Page 303
  Perception......Page 305
  Encoding and Encoding Strategies......Page 306
  Forgetting......Page 312
  Developmental Differences in Cognitive Processes......Page 313
  Diversity: The Impact of Diversity on Cognition......Page 314
  Research on Metacognition......Page 316
  Developmental Differences in Metacognition......Page 317
  Diversity: Metacognitive Differences in Gender, Culture, and Learners with Exceptionalities......Page 318
 Educational Psychology and Teaching: Applying Information Processing and the Model of Human Memory with Your Students......Page 321
 Chapter 7: Summary......Page 329
 Preparing for Your Licensure Exam: Understanding Information Processing and Human Memory......Page 330
 Questions for Case Analysis......Page 331
 Important Concepts......Page 332
Chapter 8: Complex Cognitive Processes......Page 333
 Concept Learning......Page 336
  Theories of Concept Learning......Page 337
  Concept Learning: A Complex Cognitive Process......Page 338
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Applying Theories of Concept Learning with Your Students......Page 339
  Well-Defined and Ill-Defined Problems......Page 342
  The Problem-Solving Process......Page 343
  Creativity......Page 346
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Helping Your Students Become Better Problem Solvers......Page 348
  Metacognition: The Foundation of Strategic Learning......Page 357
  Study Strategies......Page 358
  Critical Thinking......Page 363
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Helping Your Students Become Strategic Learners......Page 364
 Transfer of Learning......Page 367
  Factors Affecting the Transfer of Learning......Page 368
  Diversity: Learner Differences that Influence Transfer of Complex Cognitive Processes......Page 369
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Applying an Understanding of Transfer with Your Students......Page 370
 Chapter 8: Summary......Page 375
 Preparing for Your Licensure Exam: Understanding Complex Cognitive Processes......Page 376
 Questions for Case Analysis......Page 377
 Important Concepts......Page 378
Chapter 9: Knowledge Construction in Social Contexts......Page 379
 The Social World......Page 381
  The Neuroscience of Social Connection......Page 382
 Knowledge Construction......Page 384
  The Transition from Cognitive to Social Constructivism......Page 385
  Knowledge Construction and the Learning Sciences......Page 388
  Diversity: Its Influence on Knowledge Construction......Page 391
 Misconceptions: When Learners Construct Invalid Knowledge......Page 392
  The Origin of Misconceptions......Page 393
  Misconceptions’ Resistance to Change......Page 394
  Suggestions for Classroom Practice......Page 395
 Chapter 9: Summary......Page 407
 Preparing for Your Licensure Exam: Understanding the Process of Knowledge Construction......Page 408
 Questions for Case Analysis......Page 409
 Important Concepts......Page 410
Chapter 10: Motivation and Learning......Page 411
  Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation......Page 414
  Motivation to Learn......Page 416
  Theoretical Views of Motivation......Page 417
  Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs......Page 420
  The Need for Self-Determination......Page 421
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Using the Influence of Needs to Increase Your Students’ Motivation to Learn......Page 425
  Beliefs about Outcomes: Expectations......Page 429
  Beliefs about Intelligence: Mindset......Page 430
  Beliefs about Capability: Self-Efficacy......Page 431
  Beliefs about Value: Attainment Value, Utility Value, and Cost......Page 432
  Beliefs about Causes of Performance: Attributions......Page 433
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Using the Influence of Beliefs to Increase Your Students’ Motivation to Learn......Page 435
 The Influence of Goals on Motivation to Learn......Page 438
  Mastery and Performance Goals......Page 439
  Work-Avoidance Goals......Page 440
  Diversity: Learner Differences in Goal Orientation......Page 441
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Using the Influence of Goals to Increase Your Students’ Motivation to Learn......Page 442
  Personal and Situational Interest......Page 445
  Emotion and Motivation......Page 446
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Using the Influence of Interest and Emotion to Increase Your Students’ Motivation to Learn......Page 451
 Chapter 10: Summary......Page 456
 Questions for Case Analysis......Page 457
 Important Concepts......Page 458
Chapter 11: A Classroom Model for Promoting Student Motivation......Page 459
  A Model for Promoting Student Motivation......Page 462
  The Teacher–Student Relationship......Page 463
 The Teacher: Personal Qualities that Increase Motivation to Learn......Page 464
  Personal Teaching Efficacy: Beliefs about Teaching and Learning......Page 465
  Modeling and Enthusiasm: Communicating Genuine Interest......Page 466
  Caring: Meeting Needs for Belonging and Relatedness......Page 467
  Teacher Expectations: Promoting Competence and Healthy Attributions......Page 468
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Demonstrating Personal Qualities that Increase Your Students’ Motivation to Learn......Page 469
  Order and Safety: Classrooms as Secure Places to Learn......Page 472
  Challenge: Increasing Perceptions of Competence......Page 473
  Task Comprehension: Increasing Feelings of Autonomy and Value......Page 474
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Applying an Understanding of Climate Variables in Your Classroom......Page 475
 Instructional Variables: Developing Interest in Learning Activities......Page 479
  Personalization: Links to Students’ Lives......Page 480
  Involvement: Increasing Situational Interest......Page 482
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Applying the Instructional Variables to Increase Your Students’ Motivation to Learn......Page 483
 Chapter 11: Summary......Page 491
 Preparing for Your Licensure Exam: Understanding Student Motivation......Page 492
 Questions for Case Analysis......Page 493
 Important Concepts......Page 494
Chapter 12: Classroom Management: Developing Self-Regulated Learners......Page 495
  Developing Learner Self-Regulation......Page 498
  Creating a Community of Caring and Trust......Page 501
  Maximizing Time for Teaching and Learning......Page 502
  Planning for Instruction......Page 503
  Planning for Classroom Management in Elementary Schools......Page 504
  Planning for Classroom Management in Middle and Secondary Schools......Page 507
  Planning for the First Days of School......Page 510
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Creating and Teaching Your Classroom Rules......Page 511
  Strategies for Involving Parents......Page 514
  Emotional Factors in Interventions......Page 518
  Cognitive Interventions......Page 519
  Behavioral Interventions......Page 523
  An Intervention Continuum......Page 526
  Educational Psychology and Teaching: Responding Effectively to Misbehavior in Your Students......Page 529
  Responding to Defiant Students......Page 531
  Responding to Bullying......Page 532
  Diversity: Classroom Management with Students from Diverse Backgrounds......Page 534
 Chapter 12: Summary......Page 536
 Preparing for Your Licensure Exam: Understanding Classroom Management......Page 537
 Important Concepts......Page 538
Chapter 13: Learning and Effective Teaching......Page 539
 Planning for Instruction......Page 541
  Identifying Topics......Page 542
  Specifying Learning Objectives......Page 543
  Preparing and Organizing Learning Activities......Page 545
  Instructional Alignment......Page 546
  Planning in a Standards-Based Environment......Page 547
 Implementing Instruction......Page 552
  Organization......Page 554
  Review......Page 555
  Questioning......Page 556
  Feedback......Page 559
  Communication......Page 561
  Direct Instruction......Page 563
  Lecture–Discussion......Page 567
  Guided Discovery......Page 572
  Cooperative Learning......Page 575
  Flipped Instruction......Page 578
  Differentiating Instruction......Page 580
  Using PowerPoint Effectively......Page 583
 Assessment and Learning: Using Assessment as a Learning Tool......Page 585
 Chapter 13: Summary......Page 587
 Preparing for Your Licensure Exam: Understanding Effective Teaching......Page 588
 Questions for Case Analysis......Page 589
 Important Concepts......Page 590
Chapter 14: Increasing Learning Through Assessment......Page 591
  Assessment for Student Learning......Page 595
  Validity: Making Accurate Assessment Decisions......Page 597
  Reliability: Consistency in Assessment......Page 598
 Informal Assessment......Page 599
  Informal Assessment During Learning Activities......Page 600
 Formal Assessment......Page 602
  Paper-and-Pencil Items......Page 603
  Performance Assessments......Page 611
  Portfolio Assessment: Helping Students Develop Self-Regulation......Page 614
  Evaluating Formal Assessment Formats......Page 615
  Planning for Assessment......Page 617
  Preparing Students for Assessments......Page 619
  Administering Assessments......Page 622
  Analyzing Results......Page 623
  Providing Students with Feedback......Page 624
  Increasing the Efficiency of Your Assessment Practices......Page 625
  Formative and Summative Assessment......Page 626
  Designing a Grading System......Page 627
  Assigning Grades: Increasing Learning and Motivation......Page 628
  Maintaining Student Records......Page 631
  Diversity: Effective Assessment Practices with Students from Diverse Backgrounds......Page 632
 Chapter 14: Summary......Page 635
 Preparing for Your Licensure Exam: Understanding Effective Assessment Practices......Page 636
 Questions for Case Analysis......Page 637
 Important Concepts......Page 638
Chapter 15: Standardized Testing and Learning......Page 639
  No Child Left Behind and Race to the Top......Page 642
  High-Stakes Tests......Page 643
  Additional Developments in Standardized Testing......Page 644
  Teacher Evaluation and the Accountability Movement......Page 646
 Standardized Tests......Page 647
  Norm- Versus Criterion-Referenced Standardized Tests......Page 648
  Types of Standardized Tests......Page 649
  Evaluating Standardized Tests: Validity Revisited......Page 654
  Descriptive Statistics......Page 655
  Interpreting Standardized Test Results......Page 658
 Diversity and Standardized Testing......Page 662
  Student Diversity and Assessment Bias......Page 663
  Standardized Testing and English Learners......Page 664
  Accommodating Students with Disabilities......Page 665
 Educational Psychology and Teaching: Your Role in Standardized Testing......Page 666
 Chapter 15: Summary......Page 670
 Preparing for Your Licensure Exam: Understanding Standardized Testing......Page 671
 Important Concepts......Page 672
Appendix: Using Educational Psychology: Windows on Classrooms (10th ed.) to Prepare for the Praxis™ Principles of Learning and Teaching Exam......Page 673
Glossary......Page 678
References......Page 686
Name Index......Page 724
Subject Index......Page 736