Education at a Glance - OECD

Table of Contents......Page 5
The OECD education indicators......Page 7
The 2001edition of Education at a Glance......Page 8
Future perspectives......Page 10
The outcomes of learning......Page 12
The returns to investment in learning......Page 13
Access to education and study patterns......Page 14
The transition from education to work......Page 16
Investment in education......Page 17
The learning environment and the organisation of schools......Page 21
Calculation of international means......Page 25
Countries participating in the 2000 OECD/UNESCO World Education Indicators programme.........Page 26
Chapter A.  Context of education......Page 27
Chart A1.1. Relative size and expected changes of the population at the age of primary/lower secondary education (1999)......Page 29
Evidence and explanations......Page 30
Chart A1.2. Relative size and expected changes within the youth population (1999)......Page 31
Chart A1.3. Impact of demography on expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP, and the ratio of students to teaching.........Page 33
Definitions and methodologies......Page 34
Table A1.1. Relative size and expected changes of the school-age population......Page 35
Chart A2.1. Educational attainment of the population (1999)......Page 36
Evidence and explanations......Page 37
Chart A2.2. Educational attainment of the population, by age group (1999)......Page 38
Chart A2.3. Gender differences in educational attainment, by age group (1999)......Page 39
Definitions and methodologies......Page 40
Table A2.1a. Educational attainment of the population (1999)......Page 41
Table A2.1b. Educational attainment of the labour force (1999)......Page 42
Table A2.2a. Population that has attained at least upper secondary education (1999)......Page 43
Table A2.2b. Population that has attained tertiary education (1999)......Page 44
Table A2.2c. Educational attainment of the population, by gender (1999)......Page 45
Chart A3.1. Decomposition of changes in annual average growth rates of GDP per capita......Page 46
Evidence and explanations......Page 47
Definitions and methodologies......Page 48
Table A3.1. Decomposition of changes in annual average growth rates of GDP per capita......Page 50
Who pays for education?......Page 51
Classification of expenditure......Page 52
Diagram......Page 53
Chart B1.1. Changes in expenditure per student and underlying factors, tertiary education (1998)......Page 54
Policy context......Page 55
Changes in expenditure per student between1995 and1998......Page 56
Chart B1.2. Expenditure per student (1998)......Page 57
Chart B1.3. Change in expenditure per student and underlying factors, primary and secondary education (1998)......Page 58
Differences in educational expenditure per student between levels of education......Page 59
Chart B1.4. Expenditure per student in relation to GDP per capita (1998)......Page 60
Educational expenditure per student over the average duration of tertiary studies......Page 61
Chart B1.6. Cumulative expenditure per student over the average duration of tertiary studies (1998)......Page 62
Definitions and methodologies......Page 63
Table B1.1. Expenditure per student  (1998)......Page 65
Table B1.2. Expenditure per student relative to GDP per capita (1998)......Page 66
Table B1.3. Expenditure per student relative to GDP per capita (1995)......Page 67
Table B1.4. Cumulative expenditure per student over the average duration of tertiary studies (1998)......Page 68
Chart B2.1. Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (1995, 1998)......Page 69
Overall investment relative to GDP......Page 70
Changes in overall educational spending between1995 and1998......Page 71
Chart B2.2. Change in expenditure on educational institutions (1998)......Page 72
Expenditure on educational institutions by level of education......Page 73
Chart B2.3. Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (1995, 1998)......Page 74
Important factors influencing national expenditure on education......Page 75
Chart B2.4. Impact of enrolment rates on expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (1998)......Page 76
Table B2.1a.  Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP......Page 78
Table B2.1b.  Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP......Page 79
Table B2.1c.  Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (1998)......Page 80
Table B2.2.  Change of expenditure on educational institutions......Page 81
Chart B3.1. Distribution of public and private funds on educational institutions (1998)......Page 82
What this indicator covers and what it does notcover......Page 83
Public and private proportions of expenditure on educational institutions......Page 84
Chart B3.3. Share of private expenditure on educational institutions and GDP per capita (1998)......Page 87
Changes in public and private investment in education......Page 86
Chart B3.4. Change in private expenditure compared to change in public expenditure (1998)......Page 88
Definitions and methodologies......Page 90
Table B3.1. Relative proportions of public and private funds for educational institutions for all levels of education......Page 91
Table B3.2. Relative proportions of public and private funds for educational institutions......Page 92
Chart B4.1. Public expenditure on education as a percentage of total public expenditure (1998)......Page 93
Policy context......Page 94
Chart B4.2. Total public expenditure as a percentage of GDP (1995, 1998)......Page 95
Chart B4.3. Change in public expenditure on education (1998)......Page 96
Definitions and methodologies......Page 97
Table B4.1. Total public expenditure on education......Page 98
Chart B5.1. Public subsidies at the tertiary level (1998)......Page 99
What the indicator covers and what it does notcover......Page 100
Public subsidies as a proportion of total public expenditure on education......Page 101
Chart B5.2. Public subsidies at the primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary level (1998)......Page 102
How subsidies are used: student living costs and tuition fees......Page 103
Definitions and methodologies......Page 104
Table B5.1. Public subsidies to the private sector as a percentage of total government expenditure on education.........Page 105
Table B5.2. Public subsidies to the private sector as a percentage of total government expenditure on education.........Page 106
Chart B6.1. Expenditure per student on instruction, research and development (R&D) and ancillary services, tertiary education (1998)......Page 107
Current and capital expenditure, and the distribution of current expenditure byresource category......Page 108
Chart B6.2. Distribution of capital and current expenditure (1998)......Page 110
Expenditure on instruction, R&D and ancillary services......Page 111
Definitions and methodologies......Page 112
Table B6.1. Educational expenditure by resource category (1998)......Page 114
Table B6.2. Expenditure on instruction, research and development (R&D) and ancillary services in institutions.........Page 115
Table B6.3. Expenditure per student on instruction, ancillary services and research and development (R&D) (1998)......Page 116
Chapter C.  Access to education, participation and progression......Page 117
Chart C1.1. School expectancy (1999)......Page 119
Overall participation in education......Page 120
Chart C1.2. Net enrolment rates by single year of age (1999)......Page 122
Trends in participation in education......Page 121
Chart C1.3. Percentage of primary and secondary students in public and private institutions (1999)......Page 125
Participation towards the end of compulsory education and beyond......Page 126
The transition to post-secondary education......Page 127
Participation in continuing education and training......Page 128
Chart C1.4. Transition characteristics at ages 17, 18, 19 and 20 (1999)......Page 129
Definitions and methodologies......Page 130
Table C1.1. School expectancy (1999)......Page 131
Table C1.2. Enrolment rates (1999)......Page 132
Table C1.3. Transition characteristics at ages 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 and 20 (1999)......Page 133
Table C1.4. Primary and secondary students in public and private institutions and change in primary and secondary enrolments (1999)......Page 134
Table C1. 5. Participation in training outside formal education......Page 135
Chart C2.1. Upper secondary graduation rates (1999)......Page 136
Upper secondary graduation rates......Page 137
Participation and graduation by the destination of programmes......Page 138
Chart C2.2. Upper secondary enrolment patterns (1999)......Page 140
Participation in and graduation from vocational education......Page 139
Participation in and graduation from post-secondary non-tertiary programmes......Page 141
Definitions and methodologies......Page 142
Table C2.1. Upper secondary enrolment patterns (1999)......Page 143
Table C2.2. Upper secondary graduation rates (1999)......Page 144
Table C2.3. Post-secondary non-tertiary graduation rates (1999)......Page 145
Chart C3.1. Entry rates to tertiary education (1999)......Page 146
Classification of tertiary programmes for international comparison......Page 147
Participation in tertiary education......Page 148
Chart C3.2. Expected years in tertiary education (1999)......Page 149
Chart C3.3. Change in the number of tertiary students in relation to changing participation rates and demography (1999)......Page 150
Definitions and methodologies......Page 151
Table C3.1. Entry rates to tertiary education and age distribution of new entrants (1999)......Page 153
Table C3.2. Expected years in tertiary education (1999)......Page 154
Table C3.3. Students in public and private institutions and full-time and part-time programmes in tertiary education (1999)......Page 155
Table C3.4. Change in expected years of tertiary education and total enrolments (1995-1999)......Page 156
Chart C4.1. Graduation rates in tertiary-type A education (1999)......Page 157
Graduation rates at the tertiary level......Page 158
Graduation rates by level of degree......Page 160
Chart C4.3. Graduation rates for advanced research programmes (1999)......Page 161
Graduation rates by field of study......Page 162
Science graduates and the labour force......Page 163
Gender differences in tertiary graduation......Page 164
Definitions and methodologies......Page 165
Table C4.1. Graduation rates in tertiary education (1999)......Page 167
Table C4.2. Human capital growth in the total working-age population and in the employed population (1989-1996)......Page 168
Table C4.3. Graduates by field of study (1999)......Page 169
Table C4.4. Science graduates in the youth labour force (1999)......Page 170
Table C4.5. Proportion of tertiary qualifications awarded to women (1999)......Page 171
Chart C5.1. Students receiving additional resources in primary and lower secondary education (1999)......Page 172
Proportion of students considered to be receiving additional resources......Page 173
Location of students with disabilities, learning, behavioural or emotional difficulties, and disa.........Page 174
Gender differences......Page 175
Definitions and methodologies......Page 176
Table C5.2. Location of students receiving additional resources in primary and lower secondary education (1999)......Page 177
Table C5.4. Gender distribution of students receiving additional resources in primary and lower secondary education.........Page 178
Chart C6.1. Participation of the population 25 to 64 years of age in job-related continuing education and training......Page 179
Participation rates by level of educational attainment......Page 180
Chart C6.2. Participation rate of the population 25 to 64 years of age in job-related continuing education and training......Page 181
Participation and duration of job-related training activities......Page 182
Definitions and methodologies......Page 183
Table C6.1a. Participation and educational attainment in job-related continuing education and training......Page 185
Table C6.1b. Participation and educational attainment in all continuing education and training......Page 186
Table C6.2a. Participation and employment status in job-related continuing education and training......Page 187
Table C6.2b. Participation and employment status in all continuing education and training......Page 188
Chapter D.  The learning environment and organisation of schools......Page 189
Chart D1.1. Teachers’ salaries in upper secondary general education (1999)......Page 191
Comparing teachers’ salaries......Page 192
Chart D1.2. Salary per teaching hour (1999)......Page 194
Teachers’ salary scales......Page 195
Box: Individual salaries in Sweden......Page 196
Box: Mexico and the Teacher Career Programme......Page 197
Box: Enhancements to base salary in New Zealand......Page 198
Definitions and methodologies......Page 199
Table D1.1a. Teachers’ salaries in primary education (1999)......Page 201
Table D1.1b. Teachers’ salaries in lower secondary education (1999)......Page 202
Table D1.1c. Teachers’ salaries in upper secondary general education (1999)......Page 203
Table D1.1d. Teachers’ salaries in upper secondary vocational education (1999)......Page 204
Table D1.2. Comparison of average primary teachers’ salaries with those of selected other public sector employees (1996)......Page 205
Tabl e D1. 3. Adjustments to base salary for teachers in public schools (1999)......Page 206
Chart D2.1. Change in the age distribution of teachers (1996 and 1999)......Page 207
Age......Page 208
Chart D2.2. Age distribution of teachers (1999)......Page 209
Gender......Page 210
Staff employed in education......Page 211
Definitions and methodologies......Page 212
Table D2. 1. Age distribution of teachers (1999)......Page 214
Table D2.2. Gender distribution of teachers (1999)......Page 215
Table D2. 3. Percentage of women teaching staff in each age group (1999)......Page 216
Table D2.4. Teaching staff and the labour force (1999)......Page 217
Table D2.5. Teaching staff and non-teaching staff (1999)......Page 218
Chart D3.1. Number of teaching hours per year......Page 219
Box: Teaching hours per week in upper secondary vocational programmes in the Flemish Community of Belgium......Page 220
Box: Non-teaching time in England......Page 221
Box: Non-teaching time in Denmark......Page 222
Working time......Page 223
Table D3.1. Number of teaching hours per year......Page 224
Table D3. 2. How working time is organised......Page 225
Chart D4.1. Intended instruction time (1999)......Page 226
Evidence and explanations......Page 227
Box: National Core Curriculum (NCC) in Hungary......Page 229
Definitions and methodologies......Page 230
Table D4.1a. Intended instruction time (1999)......Page 232
Table D4.1b. Instruction time for mathematics and science (1999)......Page 233
Table D4.2. Intended instruction time per subject (1999)......Page 234
Chart D5.1. Index of change between 1995 and 1999 (1995 = 100) in the number of teaching staff and students.........Page 235
Primary and secondary education......Page 236
Chart D5.2. Ratio of students to teaching staff (1999)......Page 237
Pre-primary education......Page 239
Definitions and methodologies......Page 240
Table D5.1. Ratio of students to teaching staff (1999)......Page 241
Table D5.2. Index of change between 1995 and 1999 (1995 = 100) in the number of teaching staff and students.........Page 242
Chart D6.1. Goals and realisation of goals for training teachers in ICT (1998-1999)......Page 243
Nature and location of ICT training for teachers......Page 244
Training teachers to use the Internet......Page 245
How teachers transfer ICT knowledge......Page 246
Definitions and methodologies......Page 247
Table D6.1. Goals and realisation of goals for training teachers in ICT (1998-1999)......Page 248
Table D6.2b. Nature and location of ICT training on software for teachers (1998-1999)......Page 249
Table D6.2d. Nature and location of ICT training on computing theory for teachers (1998-1999)......Page 250
Table D6.3b. How secondary teachers transfer ICT knowledge (1998-1999)......Page 251
Chart D7.1. Ratio of students to computers (1998-1999)......Page 252
Availability and use of hardware in schools......Page 253
Availability of peripheral devices in schools......Page 254
Chart D7.2. Use of the Internet in schools (1998-1999)......Page 255
Availability of computer software in schools......Page 256
Definitions and methodologies......Page 257
Table D7.1. Ratio of students to computers (1998-1999)......Page 258
Table D7.2. Computers not in use in schools (1998-1999)......Page 259
Table D7.4a. Availability of peripheral equipment in schools (1998-1999)......Page 260
Table D7.4c. Availability of presentation equipment in schools (1998-1999)......Page 261
Table D7.5. Availability of software in schools (1998-1999)......Page 262
Chapter E.  Individual, Social and Labour Market Outcomes of Education......Page 263
Chart E1.1. Labour force participation rates (1999)......Page 265
Labour force participation......Page 266
Unemployment rates by level of educational attainment......Page 268
Chart E1.3. Unemployment rates (1999)......Page 269
Definitions and methodologies......Page 270
Table E1.1. Labour force participation rates (1999)......Page 271
Table E1.2. Unemployment rates (1999)......Page 272
Chart E2.1. Expected years in education and not in education for the youth population (1999)......Page 273
Evidence and explanations......Page 274
Definitions and methodologies......Page 275
Table E2.1. Expected years in education and not in education for the youth population (1999)......Page 276
Chart E3.1. Education and work status of the population 20 to 24 years of age (1999)......Page 277
Entry into the labour market following the completion of initial education......Page 278
Chart E3.2. Education and work status of the youth population (1999)......Page 279
Unemployment rate and ratio of unemployed non-students to the total youth population......Page 280
Chart E3.3. Ratio of unemployed non-students to the population 20 to 24 years of age, by level of educational attainment.........Page 282
The effect on future chances of employment of working while in education......Page 281
Chart E3.4. Relationship between school and work and unemployment of the youth population (1999)......Page 283
Definitions and methodologies......Page 284
Table E3.1. Education and work status of the youth population (1999)......Page 285
Table E3.1a. Education and work status of young men (1999)......Page 286
Table E3.1b. Education and work status of young women (1999)......Page 287
Table E3.2. Ratio of unemployed non-students to the total population (1999)......Page 288
Chart E4.1. Full-time and part-time employment of the youth population (1999)......Page 289
Part-time and temporary employment among young people aged 15 to 19 and 25 to 29......Page 290
Chart E4.2. Temporary and permanent employment of the youth population (1999)......Page 291
Young people not in education or work......Page 292
Chart E4.3. Percentage of the youth population not in education or work (1999)......Page 293
Definitions and methodologies......Page 294
Table E4.1. Part-time and full-time employment of the youth population (1999)......Page 295
Table E4.2. Temporary and permanent employment of the youth population (1999)......Page 296
Chart E5.1. Relative earnings with income from employment (1999)......Page 297
Education and earnings for men and women......Page 298
Education and gender disparity in earnings......Page 299
Definitions and methodologies......Page 300
Table E5.1. Relative earnings of the population with income from employment......Page 301
Table E5.2. Differences in earnings between women and men......Page 302
Chapter F.  Learning Outcomes of education......Page 303
Chart F1.1. Trends in mean achievement scores in the 8th grade, by subject (1995 and 1999)......Page 305
Evidence and explanations......Page 306
Chart F1.2. Eighth-grade mean scores relative to the country mean, by subject (1995 and 1999)......Page 307
Definitions and methodologies......Page 308
Table F1.1. Trends in mean achievement scores in the 8th grade, by subject (1995 and 1999)......Page 310
Chart F2.1. Difference in standard deviation in achievement scores in the 8th grade between 1995 and 1999, by subject......Page 311
Evidence and explanations......Page 312
Chart F2.2. Distribution of 8th-grade scores, by subject (1999 and 1995)......Page 314
Definitions and methodologies......Page 315
Table F2.1. Change in standard deviation of 8th-grade scores, by subject (1995 and 1999)......Page 316
Table F2. 2. Distribution of 8th-grade achievement scores, by subject (1995 and 1999)......Page 317
Chart F3.1. Income inequality and literacy inequality......Page 318
Evidence and explanations......Page 319
Definitions and methodologies......Page 320
Table F3.1. Inequality in the distribution of literacy and income inequality......Page 322
Chart F4.1. Differences in mean achievement scores between gender, by subject (1999)......Page 323
Evidence and explanations......Page 324
Definitions and methodologies......Page 325
Table F4.1. Differences in mean achievement scores in the 8th grade, by gender and subject (1999)......Page 326
Annex 1.  Typical Graduation Ages......Page 327
Table X1.1a. Typical graduation ages at upper secondary level......Page 328
Table X1. 1b. Typical graduation ages at post-secondary non-tertiary level......Page 329
Table X1.1c. Typical graduation ages at tertiary level......Page 330
Table X1.2. School years and financial years as used for the calculation of the indicators......Page 331
Table X2. 1 Overview of the economic context using basic variables......Page 333
Table X2.2 Basic reference statistics (reference period: calendar year 1998, 1998 current prices)......Page 334
Table X2. 3 Basic reference statistics (reference period: calendar year 1995, 1995 current prices)......Page 335
General notes......Page 336
INDICATOR A2: Educational attainment of the adult population......Page 337
Table 1. Description of ISCED- 97 levels, classification criteria, and sub- categories......Page 338
Table 2. Standardised presentation of national ISCED-97 mappings......Page 340
INDICATOR B1: Educational expenditure per student......Page 341
Table 3. Sources......Page 342
INDICATOR B2: Expenditure on educational institutions relative to Gross Domestic Product......Page 346
INDICATOR B3: Relative proportions of public and private investment in educational institutions......Page 347
INDICATOR B6: Expenditure on institutions by service category and by resource category......Page 348
INDICATOR C1: Participation in education over the lifecycle......Page 350
INDICATOR C2: Participation in and graduation from secondary education......Page 352
INDICATOR C3: Access to and participation in tertiary education......Page 353
INDICATOR C4: Completion of tertiary education......Page 355
INDICATOR C5: Students receiving additional resources to access the curriculum......Page 356
INDICATOR D1: Salaries of teachers in public primary and secondary schools......Page 359
Table 4.1 Sources on national household surveys on adult education and training (Indicator C6)......Page 358
INDICATOR D2: Age and gender distribution of teachers, and staff employed in education......Page 370
INDICATOR D3: Teaching time and teachers’ working time......Page 372
INDICATOR D4: Total intended instruction time for students in lower secondary education......Page 377
INDICATOR D5: Ratio of students to teaching staff......Page 382
INDICATOR E4: Specific situation of youth population......Page 383
Table 5. Sources (Indicators E2, E3 and E4)......Page 384
Table 7. Standard errors (Table F1.1)......Page 387
Table 6. Sources (Indicator E5)......Page 386
INDICATOR F3: Income inequality and literacy inequality......Page 388
INDICATOR F4: Gender differences in mathematics and science achievement in the 8......Page 389
Educational expenditure......Page 390
Public and private sources......Page 391
Public and private educational institutions......Page 392
Graduates......Page 393
Lower secondary level of education (ISCED2)......Page 394
New entrants to a level of education......Page 395
Teachers......Page 396
Total public expenditure......Page 397
Vocational, Pre-vocational and technical education......Page 398
Technical Group on Education Statistics and Indicators......Page 399
Network B on Student Destinations......Page 400
World Education Indicators......Page 401
Related OECD Publications......Page 402
Readers’ Survey:  Education at a Glance – OECD Indicators......Page 403