Ecotoxicology and genotoxicology : non-traditional terrestrial models

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 12
Preface......Page 8
Section I: Terrestrial Invertebrates as Experimental Models......Page 20
  1.1 Soil Invertebrates......Page 22
  1.2 The Use of Invertebrates in Soil Ecotoxicology......Page 25
   1.3.1 Earthworms......Page 32
   1.3.2 Collembolans......Page 35
   1.3.3 Enchytraeids......Page 36
   1.3.4 Isopods......Page 37
  Acknowledgments......Page 38
  References......Page 39
  2.1 Introduction......Page 50
   2.2.1 Structure and Function of Soils and Soil Organism Communities......Page 52
   2.3.1 Status Quo......Page 54
   2.3.2 Transition......Page 55
   2.3.3 New Developments......Page 56
   2.3.4 Challenges......Page 57
   2.3.5 Future Demands......Page 58
   2.4.1 Ontology and History of Test Systems......Page 59
   2.4.2 Methodological Challenges of Multispecies Tests......Page 62
  2.5 Exposure of Soil Organisms Resulting From the Fate of Pesticides......Page 65
   2.6.1 Specific Protection Goals......Page 67
   2.6.2 Derivation of Assessment Factors......Page 68
   2.6.3 TME as Surrogate Reference Tier......Page 69
  References......Page 70
  3.1 Introduction......Page 78
   3.2.3 Exposure Following Amendment with Differing Pesticides or B[a]P......Page 81
   3.2.5 The Alkaline Single Cell-gel Electrophoresis (‘comet\') Assay......Page 82
  3.3 Results and Discussion......Page 83
   3.3.1 Comet Generation from Differing Compounds......Page 85
   3.3.2 Changes in Comet Formation Following Exposure to Aged Cypermethrin Residues......Page 87
  3.4 Conclusion......Page 90
  References......Page 91
  4.1 Introduction......Page 95
   4.2.1 Heavy Metal......Page 97
   4.2.2 Organic Contaminants......Page 98
  4.3 Helix aspersa for Biomonitoring of Contaminated Soil......Page 99
  4.4 Genotoxicity Tests with H. aspersa and Contribution to Environmental Research......Page 103
  4.5 Conclusions......Page 107
  References......Page 108
  5.1 Introduction......Page 115
  5.2 Spiders in Ecosystems Contaminated with Heavy Metals......Page 117
   5.2.1 Cellular Defence Reactions in Spiders from Areas Affected by Industrial Pollution......Page 120
  5.3 Spider Sensitivity to Pesticides......Page 126
   5.3.1 Changes in AChE Activity......Page 128
   5.3.2 Enzymatic Detoxifying Reactions......Page 129
   5.3.3 Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects of Plant Protection Agents in Spiders......Page 130
  5.4 Starvation Stress......Page 133
  5.5 Conclusions......Page 134
  References......Page 135
Section II: Terrestrial Vertebrates as Experimental Models......Page 142
  6.1 Color in Animals......Page 144
  6.2 Internal Melanin-pigmented Cells......Page 147
  6.4 Response of Cutaneous Melanocytes to Aquatic Contaminants......Page 148
  6.5 Response of Internal Melanocytes to Aquatic Contaminants......Page 149
  6.6 Response of Melanomacrophages to Aquatic Contaminants......Page 153
  References......Page 157
  7.1 Introduction......Page 162
  7.2 Toxicological Studies on the Impact of Pesticides on Terrestrial Life-stages of European Amphibians......Page 164
  7.3 Risk Assessments for Terrestrial Life-stages of Amphibians in Pesticide Approval......Page 168
   7.3.1 Surrogate Species for Terrestrial Life-stages of Amphibians......Page 169
  7.4 Pesticide Formulations—Toxicity in the Mix?......Page 174
  7.5 Conclusions......Page 175
  References......Page 176
  8.1 Introduction......Page 182
   8.2.1 Amphibian Diversity and Life History......Page 183
   8.2.2 Amphibian Declines......Page 184
   8.3.1 Location, Geography and Characteristics......Page 185
   8.3.2 Evolution of Agricultural Practices and Environmental Impacts......Page 186
   8.4.1 Agriculture and Amphibian Declines......Page 188
   8.4.2 Amphibians as Bioindicators and Biomonitors......Page 189
   8.4.3 Suggested Amphibian Model Species for Biomonitoring the Pampa Region of Argentina......Page 190
   8.5.1 Leptodactylus latinasus (Jiménez de la Espada, 1875)......Page 192
   8.5.2 Leptodactylus latrans (Steffen, 1815)......Page 193
   8.5.3 Hypsiboas pulchellus (Duméril and Bibron, 1841)......Page 195
   8.5.4 Rhinella dorbignyi (Dumeril and Bibron, 1841) and Rhinella fernandezae (Gallardo, 1957)......Page 196
   8.5.5 Rhinella arenarum (Hensel, 1867)......Page 197
   8.6.1 Studies Using Model Species as Bioindicators......Page 199
   8.6.2 Studies Using Model Species as Biomonitors......Page 200
  References......Page 203
  9.1 Biomarkers as a Tool to Assess the Impact of Environmental Contamination......Page 214
  9.2 Amphibians are Suitable Organisms to Evaluate the Genotoxic Effects of Environmental Contaminants......Page 216
  9.3 Relevant Features of Odontophrynus cordobae for Genotoxicity Studies in Environmental Monitoring......Page 217
  9.4 Conclusions......Page 221
  References......Page 223
  10.1 Introduction......Page 230
  10.2 Natural History of the Antillean Coqui......Page 231
  10.3 Geographic Distribution......Page 232
  10.5 Conservation Status and Concerns......Page 234
  10.6 The Antillean Coqui as a Model in Ecotoxicology......Page 235
   10.7.2 Taxonomic Identification......Page 237
   10.7.3 Maintenance and Reproduction in Captivity......Page 238
  10.8 Applications for Testing Environmental Xenobiotics......Page 239
  Acknowledgments......Page 241
  References......Page 242
  11.1 Introduction......Page 247
  11.3 A Pathway to the Truth......Page 251
  11.4 Goals of Biological Monitoring......Page 253
  11.5 Studies In Ovo......Page 255
  11.6 Studies In Vivo under Controlled Conditions......Page 260
  11.7 Genotoxic Evaluation of Tegu Lizard Environmentally Exposed to Pesticides......Page 262
  References......Page 264
  12.1 Introduction......Page 271
  12.2 Who is the Lizard Podarcis sicula?......Page 272
  12.3 Pollution by Organic Contaminants with Estrogen-like Action: Fertilizers and Manure......Page 273
  12.5 Podarcis sicula as Sentinel Lizard......Page 275
  12.6 Soil Pollution by Estrogen-like Substances......Page 276
  12.7 Soil Pollution by Pesticides......Page 278
  12.8 Soil Pollution by Cadmium......Page 279
  References......Page 281
  13.1 Introduction......Page 288
   13.2.2 In Ovo PFOS Manipulation......Page 292
   13.2.3 PFOS Determination in Yolk Sac from Control Eggs......Page 293
   13.2.4 Oxidative and Genetic Biomarker Methods......Page 294
   13.3.1 PFOS Concentrations in Control Eggs......Page 295
   13.3.2 PFOS Effects on Embryo Development and Morphometric Traits......Page 296
   13.3.3 PFOS Effect on Oxidative Stress and Genetic Biomarkers......Page 297
  13.4 Conclusions......Page 301
  References......Page 302
  14.1 Introduction......Page 308
   14.2.1 Birds as Animal Models in Toxicology and Scientific Research......Page 309
   14.2.2 Avian Models in Regulatory Environmental Toxicity Testing......Page 310
   14.2.3 Pesticide Registration and Avian Toxicity Testing in South America......Page 311
  14.3 South American Cowbirds\' Diversity, Distribution and Life History......Page 312
   14.3.1 Shiny Cowbird......Page 313
   14.3.2 Bay-winged Cowbird......Page 314
   14.3.3 Screaming Cowbird......Page 315
  14.4 Cowbirds as an Avian Model for Environmental Toxicity Testing......Page 316
   14.5.1 Capture and Transport......Page 317
   14.5.2 Housing, Acclimation and Feeding......Page 318
   14.5.3 Acute Oral Toxicity Testing......Page 319
  References......Page 320
 Chapter 15 Epilogue and Final Remarks......Page 326
Subject Index......Page 333