Economics and ecological risk assessment : applications to watershed management

Economics and Ecological Risk Assessment Applications to Watershed Management......Page 3
Competing World Views......Page 5
Technical Challenges......Page 6
REFERENCES......Page 7
RISK AND ACTION ? FIGURING OUT THE RIGHT THING TO DO......Page 8
About the Editors......Page 12
Contributors......Page 13
Acknowledgments......Page 16
List of Acronyms......Page 17
Contents......Page 19
THE IMPORTANCE OF INTEGRATED, WATERSHED-LEVEL ANALYSIS......Page 22
GOAL AND GENESIS OF THIS BOOK......Page 24
ORGANIZATION......Page 26
REFERENCES......Page 29
CHAPTER 2: Watershed Planning and Management in the United States......Page 31
Awakening of Concerns and Early Strategies 1864?1900......Page 32
The Federal Government Takes the Lead 1901?1931......Page 33
Consolidating Federal Control 1932?1960......Page 35
Democratization and Devolution 1960?1990......Page 37
Integrated Resource Management......Page 41
Ecosystem Management......Page 42
Frameworks and Geography......Page 43
Resource Development and Regulatory Objectives......Page 44
Project and Program Planning Interactions......Page 46
Common Elements in Watershed Planning Frameworks......Page 47
WATERSHED PLANNING PROBLEMS......Page 48
Fragmented Authority and Mission......Page 49
Inadequate Decision Frameworks......Page 53
Stakeholder Inclusion......Page 54
Technical......Page 55
Motivation......Page 56
SUMMARY......Page 57
REFERENCES......Page 59
CHAPTER 3: Introduction to Ecological Risk Assessment in Watersheds......Page 62
FRAMEWORK AND METHODS FOR ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT......Page 63
Planning......Page 64
Problem Formulation......Page 65
Analysis......Page 66
Risk Characterization......Page 67
CRITIQUES OF ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT......Page 68
WATERSHED APPLICATIONS OF ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT......Page 70
REFERENCES......Page 72
CHAPTER 4: A Framework for Risk Analysis for Ecological Restoration Projects in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers......Page 75
INTRODUCTION......Page 76
Risk and Uncertainty......Page 78
Risk Analysis......Page 79
Planning Objectives Outcomes versus Design Objectives Outputs......Page 80
Criteria and General Model for Ecosystem Performance......Page 81
What the Conceptual Model Provides......Page 83
General Form and Simple Example of a Conceptual Model......Page 84
Landscape Model......Page 86
Habitat or Subsystem Model......Page 88
Integrated Ecosystem Services Model......Page 89
Steps To Develop Conceptual Models......Page 90
Conceptual and Empirical Models......Page 91
Landscape Variables......Page 92
Examples ? Marsh Wren and Mississippi Delta Marsh HSI Models......Page 94
Marsh Wren Example......Page 95
Mississippi Delta Marshes Example......Page 97
Other Tools ? HGM Models......Page 99
Habitat Functions......Page 100
Implications for Plan Formulation......Page 101
Uncertainties Associated with the Models used for Management......Page 103
Planning Step 4: Evaluation of Plans......Page 104
Planning Step 5: Comparison of Alternatives......Page 105
REFERENCES......Page 106
CHAPTER 5: Introduction to Economic Analysis in Watersheds......Page 110
WELFARE ECONOMICS......Page 111
ECONOMIC VALUE......Page 113
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS......Page 116
COMPLEMENTARY ANALYSES......Page 117
GAME THEORY......Page 118
ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS......Page 119
APPLICATIONS OF ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS......Page 120
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 121
REFERENCES......Page 122
CHAPTER 6: Ecological and Economic Analysis for Water Quality Standards......Page 125
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT......Page 126
WATER QUALITY STANDARDS AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS......Page 128
THE NEED FOR INTEGRATION......Page 130
REFERENCES......Page 131
INTRODUCTION......Page 134
ANALYTICAL UNCERTAINTY AND WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT......Page 136
ADAPTIVE IMPLEMENTATION AND THE CLEAN WATER ACT......Page 141
Water Quality Standards: Establishment and Assignment to Water Bodies......Page 142
Economics and the Assignment of Water Quality Standards......Page 143
DECISION-MAKING CHALLENGES TO ADAPTIVE IMPLEMENTATION......Page 149
REFERENCES......Page 152
CHAPTER 8: Scaling Environmental Restoration to Offset Injury Using Habitat Equivalency Analysis......Page 156
Environmental Degradation Is Often Addressed via Restoration......Page 157
Techniques for Scaling Restoration to Balance Environmental Impacts......Page 159
Examples of Environmental Impacts and Restoration Opportunities Scaled under Federal Programs......Page 162
Methods for Restoration Scaling......Page 163
Advantages of HEA......Page 165
Selecting a Metric......Page 167
HEA in NRDAs and in the Courts......Page 168
Quantifying Ecosystem Services......Page 169
Quantifying Injury......Page 171
Quantifying Restoration......Page 172
DISCUSSION......Page 173
REFERENCES......Page 174
CHAPTER 9: Conceptual Approach for Integrated Watershed Management......Page 176
GUIDING CONSIDERATIONS FOR AN INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT PROCESS......Page 177
DIAGRAMMING AN INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT PROCESS......Page 181
Assessment Planning......Page 182
Problem Formulation......Page 183
Analysis and Characterization of Baseline Risk......Page 185
Formulation of Alternatives......Page 186
Analysis and Characterization of Alternatives......Page 187
Comparison of Alternatives......Page 188
Linkage to Regular Management Cycles......Page 189
Example 1: Cost?Benefit Analysis of All Changes that Can Be Monetized, with Qualitative Consideration of Other Changes......Page 190
Example 2: Use of Stated Preference Techniques to Effect Integration of Ecological, Economic, and Other Factors......Page 191
Example 3: Use of Linked Ecological and Economic Models to Dynamically Simulate System Feedbacks and Iteratively Revise Management Alternatives......Page 192
CONCLUSION......Page 193
REFERENCES......Page 195
CHAPTER 10: Evaluating Development Alternatives for a High-Quality Stream Threatened by Urbanization: Big Darby Creek Watershed......Page 198
WATERSHED DESCRIPTION......Page 199
Planning......Page 201
Problem Formulation......Page 202
Current Status of Analysis and Risk Characterization......Page 203
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS......Page 204
Research Approach......Page 205
Increased Sediment, Leading to a Decreased Insect Food Base in Streams......Page 207
Communicating the Effects of Urban Development on Economic and Social Services......Page 208
Land-Use Scenarios for Framing Expression of Preference and Value in the Stream......Page 209
Low-Density Ranchette Development......Page 211
Low-Density Cluster Development......Page 213
Agriculture Land Use......Page 214
Eliciting Monetary Valuation......Page 215
Linking Stream Integrity to the Development Scenarios......Page 216
Linking Stream Integrity and Willingness to Pay......Page 217
DISCUSSION......Page 218
REFERENCES......Page 221
CHAPTER 11: Valuing Biodiversity in a Rural Valley: Clinch and Powell River Watershed......Page 224
WATERSHED DESCRIPTION......Page 225
Planning......Page 227
Problem Formulation......Page 228
Physical Habitat Alteration Hypotheses......Page 229
Water Quality Hypothesis......Page 230
Methods......Page 231
Copper Creek Pilot Study......Page 232
Relationships between Land Use and Biological Measures of Effect......Page 233
Cumulative Source Index for Each Site......Page 234
Potential Effects of Toxic Chemicals......Page 235
Risk Characterization......Page 236
Uncertainties......Page 237
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS......Page 238
Conjoint Analysis versus Contingent Valuation......Page 239
Choice Model Design......Page 241
Survey Implementation......Page 244
Results of Choice Model Estimation......Page 245
Calculation of Part-Worths......Page 247
DISCUSSION......Page 248
Baseline Risk Assessment......Page 249
Formulation, Characterization, and Comparison of Alternatives......Page 250
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 252
REFERENCES......Page 253
CHAPTER 12: Seeking Solutions for Interstate Conflict over Water and Endangered Species: Platte River Watershed......Page 255
Watershed Resources and Impacts of Development......Page 256
Watershed Management Efforts......Page 260
Planning......Page 263
Problem Formulation......Page 264
Core Grassland Breeding Bird Diversity and Abundance......Page 266
Sandhill Crane Abundance and Distribution......Page 268
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS......Page 270
Model I: Determining Who Should Provide and Pay for Environmental Water......Page 272
Data Sources......Page 273
Model I Results......Page 274
Household Survey of Environmental Preferences......Page 276
Utility of Policy Attributes......Page 277
Bargaining Theory and Model Solutions......Page 280
Utilitarian Solution......Page 281
Survey Results......Page 282
Attitudes Regarding Environmental Policy......Page 283
Level of Support for Policy Attributes......Page 284
Policy Preferences......Page 286
Bargaining Solutions......Page 288
Potential Impact of Education on Policy Preferences......Page 290
Policy Implications of Model II......Page 291
DISCUSSION......Page 292
Formulating Alternatives, and Baseline Ecological Risk Assessment......Page 293
Analysis and Characterization of Alternatives, and Comparison of Alternatives......Page 294
Decisions and Adaptive Implementation......Page 296
REFERENCES......Page 297
THE TYRANNY OF SMALL DECISIONS......Page 301
WATERSHED COMMUNITIES AND THE DUTCHESS COUNTY DEVELOPMENT GRADIENT......Page 303
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, LAND USE, AND ECOSYSTEM INTEGRITY: AN INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT......Page 305
Socioeconomic Submodel: Geo-Referenced Social Accounting Matrix......Page 306
Land Use Submodel: Probabilistic Geographical Information System......Page 311
Ecosystem Health Submodel: Spatially Correlated Indices of Biotic Integrity......Page 313
SCENARIO ANALYSIS......Page 315
MULTICRITERIA DECISION AID......Page 321
DISCUSSION......Page 325
REFERENCES......Page 327
CHAPTER 14: Determining Economic Trade-Offs among Ecological Services: Planning for Ecological Restoration in the Lower Fox River and Green Bay......Page 331
BACKGROUND......Page 332
The PCB Problem in Green Bay......Page 333
Natural Resource Damage Assessment......Page 335
The TVE Approach......Page 337
DETERMINING INJURIES......Page 338
DETERMINING RESTORATION OPPORTUNITIES......Page 340
Cleanup of PCBs from the Environment......Page 341
SCALING RESTORATION GAINS TO PCB-CAUSED LOSSES......Page 342
Economics of Trade-offs of Resource Services......Page 343
Remediation Scenarios......Page 345
TVE Survey......Page 346
TVE Results: Awareness and Preferences......Page 348
INCORPORATING THE RESULTS OF THE TVE INTO A COMPREHENSIVE POSITION: THE RESTORATION AND COMPENSATION DETERMINATION PLAN......Page 350
Relating Realistic Restoration Projects to TVE-Scaled Restoration Programs......Page 351
Estimating Costs of the Selected Restoration Alternative......Page 352
Combining Restoration Projects in the Preferred Alternative......Page 353
Comparing Restoration Costs to Willingness to Pay......Page 354
Incorporating Recreational Fishing Damages and Restoration Costs into a Comprehensive Position......Page 355
DISCUSSION......Page 356
NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 357
REFERENCES......Page 358
CHAPTER 15: The Habitat-Based Replacement Cost Method: Building on Habitat Equivalency Analysis to Inform Regulatory or Permit Decisions under the Clean Water Act......Page 360
CONCEPTUAL BASIS AND RATIONALE FOR THE HRC METHOD......Page 361
OVERVIEW OF THE HRC METHOD......Page 363
Identify Limiting Habitat of Species Lost......Page 364
Scale Preferred Restoration Alternatives......Page 365
Strengths, Limitations, and Uncertainties of the HRC Method......Page 366
Permitting Context and Rationale for HRC Analysis......Page 368
Location and Description of Case Study Facility......Page 370
Use of the HRC Method in Permitting Process......Page 371
Relation of the HRC Method to the Conceptual Approach......Page 374
Efficacy of the HRC Method......Page 375
Costs versus Values......Page 376
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 377
REFERENCES......Page 378
CHAPTER 16: CONCLUSIONS......Page 381
Ecological Threats......Page 382
Measurement of Preferences......Page 384
OBSERVATIONS......Page 385
Achieving Ecological?Economic Integration Requires a Coherent Strategy......Page 386
Integration Requires Assessment Planning and Problem Formulation to be Interdisciplinary......Page 387
Clearly Formulated Management Alternatives Facilitate Integrated Analysis......Page 388
Careful Effort is Required to Relate Ecological Endpoints to Economic Value......Page 390
The Appropriate Tools for Analysis and Comparison of Alternatives Depend on the Decision Context......Page 392
The Role of Ecological Risk Information in the Measurement of Preferences Requires Further Research......Page 393
FINAL WORD......Page 394
REFERENCES......Page 395