Economic Development in the MENA Region: New Perspectives

Contents
About the Editor
1 Introduction
2 Quality of Institutions and the Macro-Return to Education: The Case of Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Data and Measurement Issues
		2.2.1 Economic Data
		2.2.2 Institutional Data
		2.2.3 Descriptive Analysis
	2.3 The Econometric Analysis
		2.3.1 The Model
		2.3.2 Econometric Consideration
	2.4 Results and Discussions
		2.4.1 Preliminary Estimation: Regional Difference in the Return to Education
		2.4.2 Results with Institutional Indicators
	2.5 Conclusion and Policy Implications
	Appendix 1: Countries in the Sample
	Appendix 2: Statistics
	References
3 Short- and Long-Run Causality Between Remittances and Economic Growth in MENA Countries: A Panel ARDL Approach
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Model, Data, and Methodology
	3.3 Results and Discussion
		3.3.1 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
4 Asymmetric Impact of Oil Price Shocks on Tourism: Evidence from Selected MENA Countries
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 A Brief Review of Previous Studies
	4.3 Econometric Methodology
	4.4 Empirical Findings and Discussion
	4.5 Conclusions and Policy Implications
	References
5 Youth Unemployment and Quality of Education in the MENA: An Empirical Investigation
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Review of Literature on the Link Between Education and Youth Unemployment
	5.3 Research Design and Results
		5.3.1 Data and Model
		5.3.2 Results and Discussion
		5.3.3 Conclusion and Policy Implications
	References
6 Military Spending and Economic Development: Evidence from the MENA Region
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Military Spending and Economic Development: A Literature Overview
	6.3 Military Spending in MENA Countries
		6.3.1 Ethnic and Religious Tensions, Politics, External Conflicts and Military Spending
		6.3.2 Military Spending and Natural Resources in the MENA Region
		6.3.3 Military Spending and Economic Development Indicators in the MENA Region
		6.3.4 Military Spending and Institutional Indicators in MENA
	6.4 Conclusions and Policy Implications
	References
7 Foreign Aid, Development, and International Migration: An Exploration of the MENA Region
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Literature Review: Aid, Development, and International Migration
	7.3 Key Characteristics of the MENA Region
	7.4 Foreign Aid to the MENA Region
		7.4.1 Donor Motives
		7.4.2 Aid Effectiveness
	7.5 Aid and Migration in the MENA Context: Current and Future Research
		7.5.1 Data Analysis
		7.5.2 Future Research
	7.6 Conclusion and Policy Implications
	References
8 The Resource Curse: How Can Oil Shape MENA Countries’ Economic Development?
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Curse or Blessing: What Does the Literature Tell Us About Natural Resources?
	8.3 The Resource Curse Transmission Channels
		8.3.1 Economic Transmission Channels
		8.3.2 Political Transmission Channels
	8.4 Natural Resources and Economic Development in MENAs
		8.4.1 Natural Resources in MENAs: The Existing Literature
		8.4.2 Are MENAs Cursed by Their Natural Resources? Non-inclusiveness of Growth and Institutional Weaknesses
	8.5 Conclusion and Policy Implications
	References
9 Toward a Circular Economy in the MENA Region: Insights from the Water-Food Nexus
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Resource Circularity and Waste Utilization in the Circular Economy-Economic Development Nexus
	9.3 Scarcity and Integration in the MENA Region’s Water-Food Nexus
	9.4 An Example of a Salient Model: Wastewater Recycling for Agricultural Use
		9.4.1 Current Directions of Wastewater Reuse for Enhanced Food Security
		9.4.2 State-of-Play and Challenges in Forerunner Countries
	9.5 Discussion of Crosscutting Issues
		9.5.1 Some Missing Vital Rs: Rethink, Refuse and Reduce
		9.5.2 Socioeconomics of Incentives and Participation
		9.5.3 Relevance of Strategies and Integration
	9.6 Conclusions and Policy Implications
	References
10 Globalization and Environmental Pollution: Where Does the MENA Region Stand?
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 An Overview for MENA Countries
		10.2.1 Economic, Social, and Political Globalization
		10.2.2 Environmental Issues in the Region
	10.3 Impacts of Globalization on Pollution Level
		10.3.1 Theoretical Background
		10.3.2 Empirical Background
		10.3.3 Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient Analysis
	10.4 Conclusion and Policy Implications
	References
11 ICT and Growth in MENA Countries: What Are the Involved Transmission Channels?
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Sample and Methodology
		11.2.1 The Econometric Approach
		11.2.2 The Sample Characteristics
	11.3 Results and Discussion
	11.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
	Appendix
	References
Author Index
Subject Index