Economic Change and the National Question in Twentieth-Century Europe

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Figures......Page 10
Tables......Page 11
Notes on contributors......Page 13
Acknowledgements......Page 18
Introduction......Page 19
NOTES......Page 26
INTRODUCTION......Page 27
IRELAND: PRECONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC NATIONALISM......Page 28
THE ECONOMIC LEGACY......Page 35
IRELAND, 1922–1932......Page 42
ECONOMIC NATIONALISM, 1932–58......Page 44
IRELAND AND THE EUROPEAN UNION SINCE 1973......Page 46
NOTES......Page 48
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY......Page 51
THE PERIOD 1914–1945......Page 55
THE LATE 1940S AND THE 1950S......Page 57
FROM THE LATE 1950S TO THE EARLY 1970S......Page 58
EPILOGUE: THE 1970S AND BEYOND......Page 61
CONCLUSION......Page 62
NOTES......Page 63
INTRODUCTION......Page 66
THE ROLE OF ECONOMIC POLICY IN PRESERVING ECONOMIC UNITY IN THE FOUR-ZONE POTSDAM GERMANY (1945–1947)......Page 67
THE MUTUAL ECONOMIC BLOCKADE OF BOTH PARTS OF GERMANY BY THE GREAT POWERS AND LAST ATTEMPTS TO PRESERVE GERMAN UNITY IN…......Page 69
THE EAST–WEST INTRA-ZONE TRADE AS THE ONLY LINK BETWEEN GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS OF FRG AND GDR (1950–1960)......Page 70
THE CLIMAX OF ECONOMIC WARFARE BETWEEN THE TWO GERMAN STATES: THE FRG’S CANCELLATION OF THE TRADE AGREEMENTS AND THE…......Page 72
THE IMPROVEMENT OF TRADE LINKS AS A FORERUNNER OF POLITICAL DÉTENTE BETWEEN THE TWO GERMAN STATES (1964–1971)......Page 74
POLITICAL PROGRESS AND ECONOMIC STAGNATION IN GERMAN–GERMAN RELATIONS (1972–1982)......Page 75
THE ECONOMY AGAIN AS FORERUNNER OF CLOSER RELATIONS BETWEEN BOTH GERMANIES (1983–1989)......Page 77
SLOW PROGRESS IN ECONOMIC UNIFICATION ENDANGERS THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF FAST POLITICAL UNIFICATION (1990–1997)......Page 81
CONCLUSION: THE IMPACT OF THE ECONOMY ON THE GERMAN QUESTION FROM 1945 TO THE PRESENT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO POLITICS......Page 84
NOTES......Page 85
CHAPTER 4 Lusatian Sorbs in Germany before the Second World War: the influence of the economy on the national question......Page 90
NOTES......Page 100
CHAPTER FIVE Unequal regional development in Switzerland: a question of nationality?......Page 103
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND......Page 104
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY......Page 113
CONCLUSIONS......Page 123
NOTES......Page 126
INTRODUCTION......Page 129
A prelude......Page 130
The alliance with Britain......Page 131
The African adventure......Page 132
Economic growth......Page 133
Towards Europeon bliss......Page 136
How long will Europeon bliss last?......Page 140
NOTES......Page 141
INTRODUCTION......Page 145
THE SHAPING OF NATIONALISM......Page 146
THE ORIGINS OF PROTECTIONISM......Page 147
THE QUESTION OF NATIONAL DEFENCE......Page 148
THE CONSOLIDATION OF PROTECTIONISM......Page 149
INDUSTRIAL POLICY......Page 150
ECONOMIC POLICIES IN THE EARLY FRANQUIST PERIOD......Page 154
NATIONALISATION OF FOREIGN COMPANIES......Page 161
EVOLUTION......Page 163
CONCLUSIONS......Page 164
NOTES......Page 165
INTRODUCTION......Page 168
THE BASQUE FUEROS IN THEIR HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 169
A comparative analysis......Page 176
The first third of the twentieth century in the Basque country......Page 177
The 1930s: international crisis, political crisis and Civil War......Page 180
The period from 1939 to 1973......Page 181
THE 1973 CRISIS AND ITS EFFECTS ON A SPECIALISED ECONOMY: FROM INDUSTRIAL RATIONALISATION TO THE RE-ESTABLISHMENT OF…......Page 183
CONCLUSIONS......Page 186
NOTES......Page 189
CHAPTER NINE Economic change and nationalism in Italy in the twentieth century......Page 191
NOTES......Page 212
INTRODUCTION......Page 214
THE BACKGROUND......Page 215
TWENTIETH-CENTURY DEVELOPMENT......Page 222
THE WAR YEARS AND THE POST-SECOND WORLD WAR PERIOD......Page 234
CONCLUSION......Page 238
NOTES......Page 239
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN A MULTINATIONAL SETTING......Page 247
THE FIRST AUSTRIAN REPUBLIC – A STATE WITHOUT A NATIONAL IDENTITY......Page 250
THE AWAKENING OF AUSTRIAN NATIONALISM UNDER NAZI OCCUPATION......Page 258
NOTES......Page 263
THE BIRTH OF INDEPENDENT CZECHOSLOVAKIA: ITS STATE AND NATIONALITIES......Page 266
THE ECONOMIC CHARACTER OF INDEPENDENT CZECHOSLOVAKIA......Page 268
THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND NATIONAL RELATIONS OF INTERWAR CZECHOSLOVAKIA......Page 273
NOTES......Page 278
The nationality issue......Page 280
The nationality issue and the economy......Page 281
The organisations of industry......Page 283
The Chambers of Trade and Commerce......Page 287
The industrial elites......Page 289
SUMMARY......Page 291
NOTES......Page 292
CHAPTER FOURTEEN Economic aspects of Slovak national development in the twentieth century......Page 295
NOTES......Page 310
CHAPTER FIFTEEN Economic change and national minorities: Hungary in the twentieth century......Page 313
ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION AND ETHNIC MINORITIES......Page 314
NATIONAL ASSIMILATION IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY HUNGARY......Page 319
NOTES......Page 325
INTRODUCTION......Page 328
HERITAGE......Page 332
BACKGROUND TO THE FEDERAL STATE......Page 335
FROM NATIONAL PROGRAMMES TO DEVELOPMENT MODELS......Page 341
DENOUEMENT......Page 344
CONCLUSION......Page 351
NOTES......Page 353
CHAPTER 17 Economic differentiation and the national question in Poland in the twentieth century......Page 356
NOTES......Page 372
ESTONIAN NATIONALISM AND INDUSTRIALISATION 1890–1917......Page 375
INDEPENDENCE AND ECONOMIC NATIONALISM 1917–1940......Page 381
INDUSTRIALISATION AND IMMIGRATION IN THE SOVIET PERIOD 1940–1985......Page 387
NATIONALISM AND DEMISE OF THE SOVIET UNION 1987–1991......Page 393
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 394
NOTES......Page 396
INTRODUCTION......Page 400
Economic development in Finland 1890–1913......Page 402
World war years......Page 405
Independence and the civil war......Page 406
Stabilisation of the economy after the First World War......Page 407
Administration of trade during the autonomous period......Page 409
Foreign trade administration during the civil war......Page 410
The formative period (1918–1919) in foreign trade administration......Page 411
The period of stabilisation in Finnish foreign trade policy (1919–1939)......Page 412
DISCUSSION: THE NATIONAL QUESTION AND ECONOMIC CHANGE......Page 415
NOTES......Page 418
CHAPTER 20 Economic change and the national question in twentieth-century USSR/Russia: the enterprise level......Page 422
Brief survey of ethnic history of all-Union subordinated enterprises......Page 423
Causes of stability of Russian character of all-Union subordinated enterprises......Page 426
Union-wide web of Russian enterprises......Page 428
Disruption of economic ties......Page 431
Russia: between isolationism and reintegration......Page 435
The Baltic countries: rejection of Soviet heritage?......Page 437
Uzbekistan: creative nationalism?......Page 439
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 440
NOTES......Page 441
Index......Page 443