Ecology of Populations

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Preface......Page 13
1 . Introduction......Page 17
Fitness......Page 19
Theory and data in ecology......Page 22
Suggested reading......Page 24
2 . Population renewal......Page 25
r, R and lambda......Page 26
Structured populations......Page 27
Per capita versus population growth rate......Page 29
Population dynamics: the first step......Page 32
Population dynamics with delayed density dependence......Page 37
Population size versus density......Page 41
Stochasticity......Page 42
Environmental stochasticity......Page 43
How to implement stochasticity......Page 45
Time series......Page 47
Characterizing time series......Page 48
The visibility problem......Page 50
Summary......Page 54
3 . Population dynamics in space – the first step......Page 55
Immigration and emigration and single-population dynamics......Page 56
A two-patch system......Page 58
Spatially implicit models......Page 64
Coupled map lattices......Page 67
Asymmetrical dispersal......Page 73
Three-patch model......Page 75
A large grid......Page 76
Summary......Page 81
4 . Synchronicity......Page 82
Synchronous dynamics......Page 83
Moran’s theorem......Page 93
The Moran effect......Page 94
Dispersal......Page 98
Spatially autocorrelated Moran effect......Page 101
Predation......Page 104
Synchrony across species......Page 105
Where are we?......Page 110
Summary......Page 113
5 . Order–disorder in space and time......Page 114
The template......Page 116
The play......Page 119
Traveling waves......Page 124
Evidence from Finland......Page 129
Evidence from Northumberland and the Alps......Page 132
Evidence from measles in England and Wales......Page 134
Another view on self-organization......Page 135
Evidence from Canada......Page 143
Summary......Page 145
6 . Structured populations......Page 147
The projection matrix......Page 148
Cohort and maternal effects......Page 149
A flexible demographic model......Page 151
Ontogenetic niche shift......Page 152
Dynamics of cohort effects and niche shifts......Page 153
A few comments......Page 155
Doers and viewers......Page 157
A population model for doers and viewers......Page 158
Stage structure and the Tribolium example......Page 161
Finnish grouse dynamics......Page 164
Summary......Page 166
Community assembly......Page 168
Community matrix......Page 169
Assembling communities......Page 171
Species abundances......Page 175
Stochasticity and biodiversity......Page 177
Extinction and invasion cascade versus stability......Page 180
Invasion from an open species pool......Page 185
Spatial extension......Page 186
Dispersal......Page 188
Interactions and distribution......Page 189
Management implications......Page 192
Summary......Page 195
What is meant by habitat loss?......Page 197
Consequences of habitat loss – a primer......Page 199
Population-level consequences......Page 200
Community-level consequences......Page 205
Habitat-loss-generated population fluctuations......Page 208
Local dynamics and ensemble dynamics......Page 211
Habitat loss and refugees......Page 215
Dynamics in the center and at the border of the distribution range......Page 216
Cyclic dynamics – a special feature......Page 220
Population cycles, but not everywhere......Page 221
Cycle lost......Page 223
Summary......Page 227
9 . Population harvesting and management......Page 229
The problem with small numbers......Page 230
Declining populations......Page 231
Detecting trends and sampling – the spatial dimension......Page 232
Decline – slow or sudden?......Page 234
Harvesting......Page 236
Harvesting in temporally varying environments......Page 237
Spatial heterogeneity......Page 242
Multi-species harvesting......Page 249
Summary......Page 251
Ideal free distribution......Page 253
Distribution of unequal competitors......Page 255
Limited knowledge......Page 257
Environmental grain......Page 259
Noisy world......Page 261
Resource matching and trophic interactions......Page 263
Territoriality and despotic behavior......Page 268
IDD in variable environments......Page 269
Population structure and resource matching......Page 270
Linking resource matching and dispersal......Page 274
Population dynamics and IFD dispersal......Page 276
Resource matching and synchronous population fluctuations......Page 279
Summary......Page 282
11 . Spatial games......Page 283
The Prisoner’s Dilemma......Page 284
The Hawk-Dove game......Page 285
The Rock-Scissors-Paper game......Page 287
Co-operation: early history......Page 288
Boundary and order......Page 290
Prisoner’s Dilemma......Page 291
Nowak and May in space......Page 293
Hawk-Dove game......Page 296
Rock-Scissors-Paper game......Page 298
Noise in the RSP payoff matrix......Page 300
RSP game generalized to Pi strategies......Page 303
Indirect reciprocity......Page 306
Direct reciprocity......Page 307
Games and population dynamics......Page 310
Summary......Page 315
12 . Evolutionary population dynamics......Page 316
Sexual reproduction......Page 317
Sex in space......Page 318
Monogamy or polygyny?......Page 321
Sex ratio dynamics......Page 327
Iteroparity versus semelparity......Page 332
Nonlinear dynamics, iteroparity versus semelparity......Page 334
Space-modulated dynamics, iteroparity versus semelparity......Page 335
Seed bank in annuals......Page 338
Evolutionary genetics......Page 346
Summary......Page 347
13 . Epilogue......Page 349
The feedback environment......Page 350
Generalizations......Page 352
References......Page 354
Index......Page 384