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ویرایش: 2 نویسندگان: Walter G. Whitford, Benjamin D. Duval سری: ISBN (شابک) : 0128150556, 9780128150559 ناشر: Academic Press سال نشر: 2019 تعداد صفحات: 461 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 31 مگابایت
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در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Ecology of Desert Systems به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب اکولوژی سیستم های بیابانی نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
نزدیک به یک سوم از مساحت زمین در سیاره ما به عنوان خشک یا بیابان طبقه بندی می شود. بنابراین، درک پویایی چنین اکوسیستمهای خشکی برای مدیریت آن سیستمها به گونهای که جمعیت انسانی را حفظ کند، ضروری است. این ویرایش دوم اکولوژی سیستمهای بیابانی راهنمای واضح و گستردهای برای تعاملات پیچیده درگیر در این مناطق ارائه میدهد.
این کتاب به جزئیات روابط بین محیطهای غیرزیستی و زیستی اکوسیستمهای بیابانی میپردازد. ، به خوانندگان نشان می دهد که چگونه این تعاملات فرآیندهای اکولوژیکی را هدایت می کنند. اینها شامل رشد گیاهان و موفقیت تولید مثل حیوانات، توزیع مکانی و زمانی پوشش گیاهی و جانوران، و تأثیر گونههای مهاجم و تغییرات آب و هوایی انسانی مختص سیستمهای خشک است. با تکیه بر تجربه گسترده نویسندگان متخصص خود، اکولوژی سیستم های بیابانی یک راهنمای ضروری برای اکوسیستم های خشک برای دانش آموزانی است که به دنبال یک دید کلی از این زمینه هستند، محققان مشتاقند یاد بگیرند که چگونه کار آنها با کلیات مطابقت دارد. تصویر، و کسانی که با مدیریت زیست محیطی مناطق بیابانی مرتبط هستند.
Nearly one-third of the land area on our planet is classified as arid or desert. Therefore, an understanding of the dynamics of such arid ecosystems is essential to managing those systems in a way that sustains human populations. This second edition of Ecology of Desert Systems provides a clear, extensive guide to the complex interactions involved in these areas.
This book details the relationships between abiotic and biotic environments of desert ecosystems, demonstrating to readers how these interactions drive ecological processes. These include plant growth and animal reproductive success, the spatial and temporal distribution of vegetation and animals, and the influence of invasive species and anthropogenic climate change specific to arid systems. Drawing on the extensive experience of its expert authors, Ecology of Desert Systems is an essential guide to arid ecosystems for students looking for an overview of the field, researchers keen to learn how their work fits in to the overall picture, and those involved with environmental management of desert areas.
Front Matter Copyright Preface Acknowledgments Conceptual Framework, Paradigms, and Models Introduction Pattern and Process Definition of Ecosystem Landscape Units Defining Deserts Causes of Aridity of Global Deserts The Pulse-Reserve Paradigm/Model The Soil Resource Rooting Patterns Long-Term Legacy Effects Legacies in Ecological Time Conceptual and Simulation Models Precipitation and Soil Layers Ecosystem Processes Problems of Scaling References Further Reading Landforms, Geomorphology, and Vegetation The Soil Template Desert Mountains and Hillslopes Piedmonts, Alluvial Fans, and Bajadas Ephemeral Streams (Arroyos and Wadis) Basins and Flatlands Desert Pavements and Stony Surfaces Rivers and Floodplains Sand Dunes and Sand Features Less Abundant Geomorphic Structures Lava Flows Gypsum Soils Salt Pans, Salars, Salt Playas, and Saline Springs Animals and Geomorphology Summary References Further Reading Characterization of Desert Climates Climate Drivers Rainfall Variables Seasonality Spatial Effects Predictability Intensity, Duration, Frequency, and Return Time Fog and Water Vapor Deposition (Dew) Microclimate Global Warming and Climate Change Summary References Further Reading Wind and Water Processes Wind Erosion Saltation Vegetation Wind and Dead Plant Materials Water—Redistribution of Rainfall Interception and Stemflow Throughfall Splash Erosion—Kinetic Energy of Raindrops Infiltration and Run-Off Vegetation Effects Run-Off Biological Soil Crusts Physical Crusts Animals Rocks and Stones Exchanges Among Landscape Units Ephemeral Streams (Arroyos, Dry Washes, Wadis) Exchanges Within Landscape Units Rills Steep Hillslopes Modeling Overland Flow and Ephemeral Channel Flow Episodic Events Ephemeral Ponds and Lakes Summary References Further Reading Patch—Mosiac Dynamics Seeds: Germination and Establishment Sites Single Species Patches Intraspecific Morphological Variation Mosaics and Multispecies Patches (Nurse Plants) Competition Versus Facilitation Animal-Produced Patches Temporal Dynamics and Feedbacks Summary References Adaptations Avoidance of Extremes Annual Plants Drought Deciduous Perennials Halophytes Cyanobacteria Amphibians Reptiles Mammals Birds Arthropods Physiological and Morphological Adaptations Perennial Plants Endophytes Reptiles Invertebrates Large Mammals Small Mammals Animals That Feed on Halophytes Herbivores and Granivores Carnivorous Mammals Birds Summary References Further Reading Primary Production Measurement of Net Primary Production Comparison of Production Estimates With Mesic Ecosystems Rain Use Efficiency Belowground Productivity Models of Annual Aboveground Net Primary Production Simulation Models Landscape Relationships Productivity in Extreme Deserts Productivity Linked to Rainfall Productivity of Species and Functional Groups Experimental Studies Remote Sensing of ANPP Summary References Further Reading Consumers and Their Effects Secondary Production Animal Effects on Ecosystems Ecosystem Engineers Do Species Matter? Pollination Seed Dispersal Chewers and Browsers Mammal Browsers and Compensatory Growth Girdling Insects Herbivory: Browsers and Grazers Top-Down; Bottom-Up Regulation of Consumers Foliage-Feeding Insects Food Webs Surface-Active Arthropods Large Herbivores Granivory Predators Lizards Snakes Mammals and Birds Belowground Food Webs Ephemeral Ponds and Lakes Summary References Further Reading Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling Nutrient Limitations Decomposition Sources and Characteristics of Decomposable Material Surface Litter and Actual Evapotranspiration (AET) Photodegradation Biotic Decomposition Spatial Variation Decomposition of Buried Litter and Roots The Role of Microfauna in Decomposition and Mineralization The Role of Termites Decomposition in Hyperarid Environments Models of Decomposition Processes in Deserts Nutrient Cycles Landscape Patterns of Nutrient Distribution Animal Effects Roots and Symbionts Resorption Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Fixation Cryptogamic Crusts—Cyanobacteria Root Nodules and N-Fixation Rhizosheaths Nitrogen Losses Mineralization of Organic Nitrogen and Nitrogen Immobilization Other Potentially Limiting Nutrients Mycorrhizae and Dark Septate Fungi Summary References Further Reading Nonnative, Exotic, or Alien Species Alien Plants Great Basin Invasives: Cheat Grass Other Great Basin Invasives Hot Desert Invasive Plants A River Flood-Plain Exotic Invasive Nonnative Plants in Australia Other Forage Exotics Mesquites (Prosopis spp.) The Invasive Syndrome Control, Restoration, and Management of Invasive Exotics Invasive Alien Animals Eurasian Invasions in the Americas Feral Ungulates Solutions? Summary References Further Reading Anthropogenic Climate Change in Deserts What is Climate Change? Climate Models and Predictions Climate Models Generally Desert-Specific Model Predictions Climate Change “Press” Increasing Atmospheric CO2 Effects The Role of Deserts in Carbon Sequestration Climate Change and Uncoupled Biogeochemistry Precipitation Precipitation-Hydrology Interactions Faunal Effects Amphibians Reptiles Mammals Birds Humans Invertebrates Summary References Further Reading Desertification History of Desertification Case Histories—Southwestern United States and Australia Ecosystem and Landscape Consequences of Desertification Effects on Animals and Animal Feedbacks Climate Effects of Desertification Dust Storms Wind Erosion Social and Economic Consequences of Desertification Livestock Production The Dryland Development Paradigm Effects of Desertification on Biodiversity Summary References Further Reading Rehabilitation of Degraded Landscapes Stabilizing Sand Dunes Rehabilitation of Shrub Infested Rangeland Restoring a Functional Soil Degraded Croplands Nurse Plants and Patches Keystone Species Symbiotic Microbes Restoring Ecosystems on Mined Lands Summary References Monitoring and Assessment Definitions Existing Assessment and Monitoring Systems Landscape Function Analysis A Quantitative Approach to Monitoring and Assessment Indicators Remote Sensing Summary References Further Reading The Human Footprint (Roads; Urbanization; Energy Developments) Roads and Transportation Corridors Urbanization Urban Heat Island Effects Dust Storms Atmospheric Gasses Human Subsidies and Wildlife Effects on Plants and Vegetation Effects on Animals—Trophic Effects Biodiversity Exurban Developments Fossil Fuel Developments Plus Electric Power Generation Sustainable Energy Development Summary References Glossary Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z