Ecology in Transport: Problems and Solutions (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 124)

Preface
Contents
Alternative Carbonless Fuels for Internal Combustion Engines of Vehicles
	1 Growing Contribution of Automotive Transport Sector on Worldwide Greenhouse Gases Formation
	2 Socio-economical Aspects and Regulations of Substantial Reduction of Transport Pollution
	3 Global Process of Shifting from Internal Combustion Engines to Electric Powertrains
	4 Potential of Producing Carbonless Alternative Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines of Vehicles
		4.1 Direct Biophotolisation Process
		4.2 Indirect Biophotolisation Process
		4.3 Photofermentation
		4.4 Gas Exchange Reaction (Hydrogen Gas Changes Reaction)
	5 Advanced Technologies of Hydrogen Using in Internal Combustion Engines
		5.1 Review of Hydrogen Fuel Properties
		5.2 Use of Hydrogen in Internal Combustion Engines
		5.3 Brown’s Gas Production Technology
	6 Prospective of Brown’s Gas Additives as Substitutes of Fossil Fuels
		6.1 Methodology for Analysing Indicators of Spark Ignition Engines
		6.2 Spark Ignition Engine Energy Indicators
		6.3 Impact of Brown’s Gas on Environmental Spark Ignition Engine Indicators
		6.4 Change in Spark Ignition Engine Combustion Process Using Brown’s Gas Additive
	7 Conclusions
	References
The Gaseous Fuels Towards Contemporary Economic and Ecological Challenges
	1 Advantages of Alternative Fuels Using
	2 Current Status and Perspectives of Using Methane-Based Fuels
		2.1 Natural Gas as an Energy Carrier
		2.2 Features of the Combustion of a Methane in SI Engine
		2.3 Methane Enrichment with Hydrogen
		2.4 Properties of a Combustible Mixture Based on Methane-Hydrogen Blends
		2.5 The Use of Methane-Hydrogen Blend in the SI Engine
		2.6 Comparison of Energy Conversion Efficiency in an Engine Powered by Low-Carbon Gas and Base Fuel
		2.7 Directions for Further Development of Low Carbon Fuel Applications
	3 Hydrogen as a Fuel for H2ICE and Fuel Cell
		3.1 Some Relevant Properties of Hydrogen
		3.2 Hydrogen as Fuel for Combustion Engine
		3.3 Hydrogen as Fuel for Fuel Cell
		3.4 Comparison of Vehicle Technologies
	4 DME as a Fuel for IC Engines
		4.1 Received Syngas from Biomass
		4.2 Syngas from Plastic Waste
		4.3 Received and DME Synthesis
		4.4 DME Using for Combustion Engines
		4.5 DME for CI Engines
		4.6 SI Engines Feeded DME and LPG Mixtures
		4.7 LPG and DME Mixtures for Household Use
	5 Conclusions
	References
Environmental Aspects of the Production and Use of Biofuels in Transport
	1 Using of Biomass-Based Alternative Fuels in Automotive Industry
	2 Technological Measures to Reduce Fuel Consumption
		2.1 Improving Engine Design and Transmission Technology
		2.2 Energy Management and Hybridization
		2.3 Vehicle Design
	3 Peculiar Features of Biofuels Production
		3.1 First-Generation Biofuels
		3.2 Second-Generation Biofuels
		3.3 Third- and Fourth-Generation Biofuels
		3.4 Economic Aspects of Biofuels Production
	4 Biofuel Influence on Global Climate Change Mitigation
	5 Biofuel Production Influence on the Land and Water Resources as Well as on Biodiversity
		5.1 Impact on Water
		5.2 Impact on Soil
		5.3 Impact on Biodiversity
		5.4 Use of Marginal Lands
	6 Sustainability Criteria and Compliance Therewith
	7 Particularities of Using Biofuels and Their Mixtures
	8 Biofuel Use Impact on Human Health
	9 Influence of Biofuel Use on the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
		9.1 Emissions from Biodiesel Use
		9.2 Emissions from Bioethanol Use
		9.3 Emissions by Way of Evaporation
	10 Battery Electric Vehicles
	11 Carbon-Neutral Synthetic Fuels
	12 Conclusions
	References
Energy Efficiency and Ecological Impact of the Vehicles
	1 Energy Characteristics of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
		1.1 Energy Consumption of an Electric Vehicle
		1.2 Fuel and Energy Consumption of a Hybrid Vehicle
		1.3 Energy Consumption of Electric Bicycle
		1.4 Energy Consumption of the Auxiliary Systems of Electric Vehicles
	2 Life Cycle Assessment of Vehicles, Using Different Types of Fuels or Electricity. Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions
		2.1 Life Cycle Assessment of Electric and Conventional Vehicles
		2.2 Impact of Renewable Energy on the Environmental Efficiency of Electric Vehicles
		2.3 Life Cycle Assessment of Fuel Cells Electric Vehicles
		2.4 Life Cycle Assessment of Vehicles, Using LPG or NG
		2.5 Comparative Analysis of Air Pollutions of Other Types of Eco-Vehicles
		2.6 Life Cycle Assessment of Compressed Air Vehicles
	References
The Impact of Road Transport on the Environment
	1 The Impact of Road Transport on the Environment and Reduction Options
		1.1 Legislation and Politics in Reducing the Impacts of Transport on the Environment
		1.2 Emissions from Road Transport
		1.3 Emissions of Road Vehicles
		1.4 Emissions in the Operation of Road Vehicles
		1.5 Measurement of Emissions in the Operation of Road Vehicles—Case Studies
	2 Energy Intensity of Road Transport
		2.1 Energy Sources in Transport
		2.2 The Energy Consumption by Transport Means
		2.3 Energy Bound in Fuels
		2.4 Electricity—An Energy Source in Transport
		2.5 Evaluation of Energy Intensity and Greenhouse Gas Production
	3 Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from Transport Services
		3.1 Declaration of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transport Services in Europe Per STN EN 16258 Standard
		3.2 Direct and Indirect Energy Consumption and Emissions Production
		3.3 Principles of Calculating the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Per STN EN 16258 Standard
		3.4 Structure and Content of the Declaration Regarding the Energy Consumption and GHG Emissions
		3.5 A Comparative Analysis of Emission Factors of Direct Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Europe and All Over the World
		3.6 Case Study—Application of Emission and Energy Calculator Per STN EN 16258 Standard
	References
Logistic Flow Control System in Green Supply Chains
	1 Sustainable Development Problems of the Global Transport System and Supply Chains
	2 Research Review of Sustainable Development in Transport Systems and Supply Chains
	3 Comparative Analysis of Commodity Flows and the Benefits of Green Logistics
	4 The Concept of a Logistics Flow Management System in Green Supply Chains
	5 Parameters and Indicators System of Logistic Flows in Green Supply Chains
	6 Evaluation of Parameters and Indicators of Logistic Flows Using the Fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS Method
	7 Fuzzy Model of Logistics Flows in Green Supply Chains
	8 Formation of a Logistics Flow Management System in Transport and Logistics Companies
	9 An Example of Using the Methodology for Managing the Parameters of Logistics Flows in Green Supply Chains
	10 Conclusion
	Bibliography
The Paradigm of Sustainable Transport and Mobility in Modern Transport Policy—A Case Study of the Mobility of the Creative Class in Poland
	1 Sustaining Urban Mobility as Instrument for Environment Protection
	2 The Essence of Sustainable Mobility Paradigm
		2.1 Evolution of the Sustainable Mobility Concept
		2.2 Social Context of Mobility
		2.3 Electromobility in Fulfilling Transport Needs in Cities
		2.4 The Role of Bike in Shaping Mobility
	3 Mobility in Transport Policy
		3.1 Impact of the Development of Urbanised Areas on Mobility
		3.2 Mobility in the European Union Documents
	4 Transport Behaviours of the Polish Creative Class
		4.1 Characteristics of the Study Group
		4.2 Survey Results
	5 Summary
	References
Research on the State of Urban Passenger Mobility in Bulgaria and Prospects for Using Low Carbon Energy for Transport
	1 State and Challenges Facing Urban Mobility in the Republic of Bulgaria
		1.1 Urban Mobility
		1.2 Challenges Facing Urban Mobility in Bulgaria
		1.3 Evolution of Urban Mobility in the Country
	2 Plans for Sustainable Urban Mobility in Bulgaria
		2.1 A Concept for Sustainable Urban Mobility Planning (SUMP)
		2.2 State of Developing Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans in Bulgaria
	3 Building a Sustainable Transport System in the Cities
		3.1 Perspectives for Development of Transport Mobility in Cities
		3.2 Greening of Automobiles Through Engineering and Technological Solutions
		3.3 Comobility
		3.4 Integrated Mobility
		3.5 Servitising of Urban Transport
	4 Prospects for Alternative Water Transport
		4.1 Selection of Vessel
		4.2 Research Methodology
		4.3 Experimental Studies on the Danube River
	5 Multicriteria Optimisation of Urban Public Transport
	6 Conclusion
	References
Environment Safety Improving Due to Railway Noise Management Decreasing of RMR Method Adaptation
	1 RMR Method Description
	2 Measurement Description
		2.1 Measurement Conditions
		2.2 Measurement System and Setup
		2.3 Rail Roughness Measurements
	3 Measurement Results
	4 Comparable Analysis of Measurement and Modelling Results
	5 Conclusion
	References