Ecology and Control of Introduced Plants (Ecology, Biodiversity and Conservation, Volume 62)

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Dedication......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
Preface......Page 15
Weeds and the value of native species......Page 17
The socio-economic background of plant introductions......Page 22
Turning back the clock – is restoration possible?......Page 24
Biological control as an approach to introduced weeds......Page 27
Promoting ecosystem management for native species......Page 28
Conclusions......Page 29
2 Planet of  Weeds: exotic plants in the landscape......Page 30
The scope of the problem: how many and how costly are non-native plant species?......Page 33
What’s in a name?......Page 36
Patterns of plant introductions......Page 39
The European invasion......Page 42
The ecological theory of colonization and invasion......Page 50
Landscape ecology and invasive species......Page 52
How do corridors affect the spread of introduced species?......Page 55
Landscape level patterns of invasion – the Lonsdale model......Page 57
Conclusions......Page 66
Part 1 – Characteristics of native plant communities that influence plant invasions......Page 67
Disturbance and succession......Page 69
Grime’s C–S–R model of succession......Page 70
Disturbance and the invasion of plant species......Page 72
Herbivory and introduced plant species......Page 76
Resistance of invasive species to grazing......Page 78
Interspecific competition and plant invasion......Page 80
Are more diverse communities less vulnerable to invasion?......Page 84
Invasions and fluctuating resource availability......Page 91
The concept of ‘niche opportunity’......Page 93
Ecological niche modeling......Page 94
Part 2 – The effects of invasive species on plant communities and ecosystems......Page 95
Effects of invasive plants on plant diversity......Page 96
Effects of introduced species on ecosystem functioning......Page 99
Invasive species and the soil......Page 103
Conclusions......Page 104
Vegetative reproduction......Page 105
Growth versus flowering......Page 107
Seed germination and dispersal......Page 112
Seed banks......Page 114
Disturbance and seed persistence......Page 115
Seed size and seed predation......Page 119
Vegetative reproduction......Page 122
Case study – Phragmites australis – a story of successful vegetative reproduction......Page 126
Do life history characteristics predict invasiveness?......Page 127
Predicting invasive species and the design of quarantine regulations......Page 129
Conclusions......Page 134
Why study plant populations?......Page 136
What determines plant population densities?......Page 137
Self-thinning and the 3/2 rule......Page 142
Are plants seed limited?......Page 143
Demographic parameters......Page 145
Monitoring populations......Page 147
Life tables and key factor analysis......Page 148
Population ecology of vegetatively reproducing plants......Page 155
Case study – Diffuse knapweed in British Columbia......Page 156
Conclusions......Page 162
Introduction......Page 163
Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica)......Page 164
Joint introductions – common barberry and wheat stem rust......Page 165
Sudden oak death and rhododendrons......Page 167
White pine blister rust, Cronartium ribicola......Page 168
Pandemics of Dutch elm disease, Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi......Page 170
Introduction of fungi for biological control of weeds......Page 171
Puccinia chondrillina on Chondrilla juncea in Australia......Page 174
The potential role of soil microbes in invasiveness......Page 176
Preventing the introductions of plant diseases......Page 177
Conclusions......Page 178
Introduction......Page 180
How successful is biological control?......Page 181
Quantifying biological success......Page 187
Cost effectiveness......Page 192
Are certain plant types more susceptible to biological control?......Page 195
Are certain plants more suitable for biological control?......Page 196
How many agents are necessary for success?......Page 197
Selecting the right agent......Page 200
Are new associations of plants and insects more likely successful?......Page 202
Historical perspectives – using the past to predict the future......Page 204
Do seed predators make good biological control agents?......Page 205
Is biological control safe?......Page 207
Conclusions......Page 209
The history of modeling biological control......Page 211
Modeling the impact of seed predators......Page 215
Another model of knapweed......Page 216
A hypothetical, stochastic model of seed limitation......Page 218
Simulation and analytical model of native populations of broom......Page 219
Matrix models of introduced broom in North America......Page 221
A model of biological control of Sida acuta in northern Australia......Page 224
A model of biological control of tansy ragwort control in Oregon......Page 226
Modeling invasive plants – what have we learned?......Page 228
Modeling invasions as they spread across habitats and landscapes......Page 230
The concept of  ‘nascent’ foci......Page 231
What models tell us about detecting invasions......Page 235
Invasion speed for structured populations......Page 237
Slowing the spread......Page 238
Conclusions......Page 239
The scale of the problem......Page 240
Manuals and advice......Page 242
Non-targeted physical control......Page 243
Chemical control of non-indigenous plant species......Page 246
Costs and benefits of control......Page 247
Assessing control of non-indigenous species......Page 249
Eradication as a goal......Page 250
Increasing the chances of successful control......Page 253
Who should take responsibility for introduced species?......Page 255
The uncertain status of some invasive species......Page 257
Conclusions......Page 259
Genetically modified plants: another time bomb?......Page 260
Some concluding remarks......Page 263
Sampling methods......Page 267
Point sampling for measuring cover, basal area or percent sward......Page 269
Size and shape of sampling units......Page 270
The number of samples......Page 273
Distance methods or plotless samples......Page 274
The need for sampling – the need for measurement......Page 276
Measuring biodiversity in plant communities......Page 277
Heterogeneity......Page 278
Measures of heterogeneity......Page 280
Measures of evenness......Page 281
Concluding comments of measuring diversity......Page 282
GPS......Page 283
GIS......Page 284
Conclusions......Page 286
References......Page 287
Index......Page 317