Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates, Second Edition

Front Cover......Page 1
Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 14
Preface......Page 16
II. Approches to Taxonomic Classification......Page 18
III. Synopses of the North American Freshwater Invertebrates......Page 21
IV. Taxonomic Key to Major Taxa of Freshwater Invertebrates......Page 33
Literature Cited......Page 35
II. Lotic Environments......Page 36
III. Underground Aquatic Habitats......Page 47
IV. Lentic Ecosystems......Page 50
Literature Cited......Page 56
I. Introduction......Page 60
II. Anatomy and Physiology......Page 62
III. Ecology and Evolution......Page 75
IV. Collecting, Rearing, and Preparation for Identification......Page 86
V. Identification of Protozoa......Page 87
Literature Cited......Page 106
II. Structure and Physiology......Page 114
III. Ecology and Evolution......Page 122
IV. Collecting, Rearing, and Preparing Sponges for Identification......Page 132
V. Classification......Page 133
Literature Cited......Page 147
I. Introduction......Page 152
II. General Biology of Cnidaria......Page 153
III. Descriptive Ecology of Freshwater Cnidaria......Page 157
IV. Collection and Maintenance of Freshwater Cnidaria......Page 167
V. Classification of Freshwater Cnidaria......Page 168
Literature Cited......Page 170
CHAPTER 6. FLATWORMS: TURBELLARIA AND NEMERTEA......Page 172
II. Anatomy and Physiology......Page 173
III. Ecology......Page 175
IV. Current and Future Research Problems......Page 179
VI. Identification of North American Genera of Freshwater Turbellaria......Page 180
VII. General Characteristics, External and Internal Anatomical Features......Page 190
VIII. Ecology......Page 191
Literature Cited......Page 193
I. Introduction......Page 198
II. Anatomy and Physiology......Page 199
III. Ecology and Evolution......Page 200
IV. Collecting, Rearing, and Preparation for Identification......Page 205
V. Taxonomic Key......Page 206
Literature Cited......Page 209
I. Introduction......Page 212
II. Anatomy and Physiology......Page 214
III. Ecology and Evolution......Page 224
IV. Collecting, Rearing, and Preparation for Identification......Page 247
V. Classification and Systematics......Page 250
Literature Cited......Page 265
I. Introduction......Page 272
II. Morphology and Physiology......Page 273
III. Development and Life History......Page 277
IV. Ecology......Page 278
V. Collecting and Rearing Techniques......Page 282
VI. Identification......Page 286
VII. Introduction......Page 297
VIII. Morphology and Physiology......Page 299
IX. Development and Life History......Page 305
X. Sampling......Page 307
XI. Identification......Page 308
Literature Cited......Page 309
I. Introduction......Page 314
II. Anatomy and Physiology......Page 315
III. Ecology and Evolution......Page 319
V. Identification of Freshwater Gastropods of North America......Page 332
Literature Cited......Page 342
I. Introduction......Page 348
II. Anatomy and Physiology......Page 350
III. Ecology and Evolution......Page 371
IV. Collecting, Preparation for Identification, and Rearing......Page 410
V. Identification of the Freshwater Bivalves of North America......Page 414
Literature Cited......Page 433
I. Introduction to the Oligochaeta......Page 448
II. Oligochaete Anatomy and Physiology......Page 449
III. Ecology and Evolution of Oligochaeta......Page 455
IV. Collecting, Rearing, and Preparation of Oligochaetes for Identification......Page 461
V. Taxonomic Keys for Oligochaeta......Page 463
VII. Anatomy and Physiology of Branchiobdellidans......Page 473
VIII. Ecology and Evolution......Page 475
IX. Identification of Branchiobdellidans......Page 476
Literature Cited......Page 478
I. Introduction to Euhirudinea and Acanthobdellidae......Page 482
II. Taxonomic Status and Characteristics......Page 483
III. Euhirudinea and Acanthobdellidae......Page 485
IV. Ecology......Page 491
VI. Identification......Page 503
VII. Taxonomic Keys......Page 506
Literature Cited......Page 514
II. Anatomy and Physiology......Page 522
III. Ecology and Evolution......Page 528
IV. Entoprocta......Page 532
V. Study Methods......Page 533
VI. Taxonomic Key......Page 534
Literature Cited......Page 540
I. Introduction......Page 544
II. Anatomy......Page 545
III. Physiology (Latent States)......Page 552
IV. Reproduction and Development......Page 553
V. Ecology......Page 556
VI. Techniques for Collection, Extraction, and Microscopy......Page 560
VII. Identification......Page 561
Literature Cited......Page 563
I. Introduction to Arachnids......Page 568
II. Water Mites (Hydrachnida)......Page 569
III. Other Arachnids in Freshwater Habitats......Page 667
Literature Cited......Page 670
I. Introduction......Page 678
II. Aquatic Orders of Insects......Page 681
III. Partially Aquatic Orders of Insects......Page 698
IV. Semiaquatic Collembola—Springtails......Page 716
V. Identification of the Freshwater Insects and Collembola......Page 717
Literature Cited......Page 738
II. Aquatic Insect Communities......Page 750
III. Aquatic Insect Life Histories......Page 764
IV. Insect-Mediated Processes......Page 768
V. Secondary Production......Page 778
VI. Effects of Land Use on Aquatic Insect Communities......Page 780
VII. Role of Disturbance......Page 782
VIII. Aquatic Insects in Biomonitoring Studies......Page 784
Literature Cited......Page 785
I. Introduction......Page 794
II. Anatomy and Physiology of Crustacea......Page 797
III. Ecology and Evolution of Selected Crustacea......Page 804
IV. Collecting, Rearing, and Preparation for Identification......Page 815
V. Classification of Peracarida and Brachiura......Page 816
Literature Cited......Page 817
I. Introduction......Page 828
II. Anatomy and Physiology......Page 829
III. Life History......Page 834
IV. Distribution......Page 837
V. Chemical Habitat......Page 838
VI. Physical Habitat......Page 840
VII. Physiological and Morphological Adaptations......Page 843
IX. Foraging Relationships......Page 844
X. Population Regulation......Page 845
XI. Collecting and Rearing Techniques......Page 846
XII. Uses of Freshwater Ostracoda......Page 848
XIV. Classification of Freshwater Ostracodes......Page 849
Literature Cited......Page 859
CHAPTER 21. CLADOCERA AND OTHER BRANCHIOPODA......Page 866
CLADOCERA......Page 867
II. Anatomy and Physiology......Page 868
III. Distribution......Page 877
IV. Behavior......Page 879
V. What Cladocerans Eat and What Eats Cladocerans......Page 883
VI. Population Regulation......Page 884
VIII. Paleolimnology and Molecular Phylogeny......Page 885
IX. Toxicology......Page 888
XI. Collecting and Rearing......Page 890
XII. Taxonomic Keys for Cladoceran Genera......Page 892
XIII. Anatomy and Physiology of the Other Branchiopods......Page 908
XIV. Ecology of the Other Branchiopods......Page 910
XVII. Taxonomic Keys for Non-Cladoceran Genera of Branchiopods......Page 916
Literature Cited......Page 921
I. Introduction......Page 932
II. Anatomy and Physiology......Page 933
III. Ecology and Evolution......Page 937
IV. Current and Future Research Problems......Page 950
V. Collecting and Rearing Techniques......Page 951
VI. Identification Techniques......Page 952
Literature Cited......Page 959
II. Anatomy and Physiology......Page 972
III. Ecology and Evolution......Page 981
IV. Current and Future Research Problems......Page 1003
V. Collecting and Rearing Techniques......Page 1006
VI. Identification......Page 1008
Literature Cited......Page 1010
Glossary......Page 1020
Subject Index......Page 1038
Taxonomic Index......Page 1054