Ecological Psychology in Context: James Gibson, Roger Barker, and the Legacy of William James's Radical Empiricism (Volume in the Resources for Ecological Psychology Series)

Contents......Page 11
Foreword......Page 17
Preface......Page 19
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 22
Introduction......Page 27
RETRIEVING ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY FROM THE MARGINS......Page 32
OVERVIEW AND PLAN OF THE BOOK......Page 41
THREE GOALS OF THE PROJECT......Page 36
I Ecological Theory and Philosophical Realism......Page 52
Prologue: Intimations of an EcologicalPsychology......Page 54
CONCEPTUALIZING THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE PERSON......Page 55
COLLECTING THE THREADS OF ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY......Page 60
1 William James\'s RadicalEmpiricism: A Foundationfor Ecological Psychology......Page 66
A PSYCHOLOGY OF ADAPTATION......Page 68
A Reluctant Dualist of the 1890s......Page 70
Behaviorism and Dualism......Page 77
A WORLD OF EXPERIENCE......Page 82
THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT FOR RADICAL EMPIRICISM......Page 91
COGNITION FROM A RADICAL EMPIRICIST PERSPECTIVE......Page 99
Percepts and Concepts......Page 100
Pragmatism and Knowing......Page 105
The Material World as a Conceptual Order......Page 109
The Coalescence of Percepts and Concepts......Page 113
Duration and Context......Page 117
Selectivity and the Body......Page 119
2 Edwin B. Holtand Philosophical Behaviorism......Page 125
A Chronology of Life Events......Page 128
Holt\'s Withdrawal from Academic Life......Page 131
The Principal Phases of Holt\'s Scholarship......Page 135
A Hierarchy of Universes of Discourse......Page 139
The Failings of Holt\'s Early Framework......Page 142
THE PROGRAM OF THE NEW REALISTS......Page 146
Perceiving and Remembering from a New Realist Perspective......Page 148
Illusory Experience from a Realist Perspective......Page 152
COGNITION AND THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 156
Molar Behaviorism and the Integrated Act......Page 158
The Recession of the Stimulus......Page 160
Molar Behaviorism and Selectivity......Page 162
HOLT\'S PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 165
The Reflex-Circle and the Adient Response......Page 166
The Locus of Freedom......Page 171
Toward a Psychology of Cognition......Page 175
A RETURN TO A PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY......Page 177
A FORGOTTEN PSYCHOLOGIST OF \"THE OLD DAYS\"......Page 178
II The Ecological Approachand Radical Empiricism......Page 182
Prologue: Three Generationsof Psychologists......Page 184
Psychological Functioning as a Relational Process......Page 189
The Psychological-Physical Distinction in Radical Empiricism......Page 193
Phenomenology in William James......Page 195
Gibson and Phenomenology......Page 197
PERCEIVING AFFORDANCES......Page 208
The Relational Nature of Affordances......Page 209
Affordances and Radical Empiricism......Page 211
Affordances as “Percepts”......Page 216
The Apparently Contradictory Character of Affordances......Page 221
THE EXPERIENCE OF THE BODY IN PERCEPTION......Page 224
Self-Perception and Radical Empiricism......Page 226
Holt’s Concept of Adience and the Body......Page 227
Adience and Perceptual Systems......Page 228
4 Relations and Direct Perception......Page 234
RELATIONS IN PURE EXPERIENCE AND IN THE AMBIENT ARRAY......Page 235
What Is There to Be Perceived?......Page 237
Ecological Optics......Page 238
Ecological Optics and the Recession of the Stimulus......Page 247
DIRECT PERCEPTION......Page 248
Sensation and Perception According to William James......Page 251
Directly Perceiving Distance......Page 254
THE ECOLOGICAL SOLUTION TO JAMES’S “TWO MINDS” PROBLEM......Page 258
Must Radical Empiricism Capitulate to Idealism?......Page 259
The Ambient Optic Array and the Problem of Two Minds......Page 264
The Concepts of the Ambient Array and Information......Page 268
5The Stream of Experienceand Possible Knowledge......Page 273
PERCEPTUAL SYSTEMS AND THE DETECTION OF INFORMATION OVERTIME......Page 274
The Picture Theory of Vision......Page 275
Perceiving as a Mode of Activity......Page 276
Looking Ahead and Looking Back: The Problem of Temporality4......Page 280
Navigation and Event Structure......Page 288
AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF POSSIBLEKNOWLEDGE......Page 301
Possible Knowledge and Radical Empiricism......Page 302
Possible Knowledge in Ecological Optics......Page 304
The Discovery of Structure......Page 306
Unlimited Knowing......Page 309
III Ecological Psychologyand the Psychological Field......Page 311
Prologue: Field Theory and CollectiveSocial Processes......Page 313
6 \rGestalt Psychologyand the Ecological Approach......Page 321
WILLIAM JAMES, GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY, AND THE ORIGINSOF ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY......Page 322
GIBSON’S EARLY EXCURSION INTO FIELD THEORY......Page 323
THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND THE BEHAVIORAL ENVIRONMENT......Page 327
The Behavioral Environment as a Mediator......Page 328
Two Environments or One?......Page 331
PERCEIVED MEANING......Page 334
Aufforderungscharakter......Page 336
Affordances and Ecological Optics......Page 340
THING AND MEDIUM......Page 344
The Perceiving Function......Page 347
Differing Views Concerning the Nature of the Medium......Page 348
CONCLUSION: GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY AND ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY......Page 353
7 Ecobehavioral Science:The Ecological Approachof Roger Barker......Page 356
Locating Nature\'s Joints......Page 358
Between-Level Influences from a Psychological Perspective......Page 365
THE NEED FOR AN ECOBEHAVIORAL SCIENCE......Page 369
The Beginnings of Ecobehavioral Science......Page 373
The Structure of the Behavior Stream......Page 380
BEHAVIOR SETTINGS: HIGHER ORDER ECOLOGICAL UNITS......Page 382
Defining Behavior Settings......Page 384
An Example of a Behavior Setting......Page 386
Behavior Settings as Ecobehavioral Resources......Page 388
Behavior Settings and Heider’s Analysis of Thing and Medium......Page 391
THE REALIZATION OF ECOBEHAVIORAL SCIENCE......Page 395
The Individual in an Ecobehavioral Science.......Page 397
The Individual in the Behavior Setting: One Proposal......Page 399
ENVIRONMENTAL STRUCTURE OR SCRIPTS?......Page 405
8 Ecological Psychologyand Ecobehavioral Science:Toward a Synthesis......Page 410
Aristotelian Causality......Page 411
Causal Theories of Perception......Page 416
Formal Cause and the Distinction between Things and Media......Page 420
Ecological Theories and Formal Cause......Page 421
ENVIRONMENTAL MEANING AND ECOLOGICAL THEORY......Page 424
The Vicissitudes of Mechanistic Approaches......Page 425
Formal Cause and Ecological Meaning: Affordancesand Behavior-Milieu Synomorphs......Page 429
Selecting, Discovering, and Creating Environmental Meaning......Page 435
Sources of Affordances and Behavior Settings......Page 440
Specifying the Milieu from an Affordance Perspective......Page 442
Affordances as Components of a Behavior Setting......Page 444
Affordances of Places for an Individual......Page 445
Summary......Page 446
Conclusion: Should a Distinction Between the Two EcologicalPrograms Be Maintained?......Page 447
THE FOUNDATIONAL ROLE OF ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGYIN ECOBEHAVIORAL SCIENCE......Page 449
The Ecological Environment and the Psychological Environment......Page 450
Ecological Psychology and the E-O-E Arc......Page 451
Behavior Settings, Ecological Optics, and Radical Empiricism......Page 454
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND DYNAMIC SYSTEMS......Page 460
Plans and the Structure of the Environment......Page 461
Dynamic Systems and Multiple Determination......Page 468
Dynamic Systems and Behavior Settings......Page 475
Common Roots of Behavior Setting Theory and Dynamic Systems Theory......Page 479
Conclusions......Page 481
CODA: THE INTERSECTING CAREER PATHSOF GIBSON, BARKER, AND HEIDER......Page 482
9 Ecological Knowledgeand Sociocultural Processes......Page 485
ECOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE......Page 486
The Historical Nature of Psychological Development......Page 490
Evolving in the Midst of Culture......Page 493
TOOLS, ARTIFACTS, AND REPRESENTATIONS......Page 504
Found Tools and Artifacts......Page 505
Representations......Page 514
Direct and indirect knowing......Page 520
DISTRIBUTED COGNITION......Page 524
Tools, Artifacts, and the Extension of the Body......Page 528
Socially Distributed Cognition......Page 532
Socially Distributed Networks......Page 536
Adaptive Agency......Page 540
Behavior Settings as Systems of Distributed Cognition......Page 542
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION......Page 544
IV Conclusion......Page 546
THE RECIPROCAL AND NESTED FOCUS OF ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY......Page 548
Ecological Psychology in Relation to Other Ecological Sciences......Page 551
Competing Psychological Approaches in Light of Evolutionary Theory......Page 552
RADICAL EMPIRICISM AND ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY......Page 554
Adience and “The Recession of the Stimulus’’......Page 557
Environmental Information, Meaning, and Sociocultural Processes......Page 560
Some Implications of an Account of Direct Perception......Page 565
A Natural Science Approach to a Human Science......Page 566
Meaning and Value as an Environmental Properly......Page 568
ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY AND ITS PROSPECTS......Page 575
References......Page 579
Author Index......Page 618
Subject Index......Page 637