Ecological Landscape Design and Planning: The Mediterranean Context

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Foreword by......Page 12
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgements......Page 16
Part One: Background......Page 18
1.1 Etymology of the word ‘landscape’......Page 20
1.2 Usage of the word ‘landscape’......Page 21
1.3 The geographical perspective of ‘landscape’......Page 22
1.4 Landscape as we see it......Page 23
1.5 The dimensions of ecology......Page 24
1.6 The historical development of ecology......Page 25
Foundation and the early development......Page 26
Emergence of the ‘new ecology’......Page 27
1.7 The holistic approach of landscape ecology......Page 28
Hierarchical classification in landscape ecology......Page 29
A holistic view of landscape......Page 30
The natural setting......Page 32
The cultural setting......Page 35
The dominating influence of climate......Page 37
The necessity of an anthropic evolutionary perspective......Page 38
The Mediterranean ecosystem......Page 39
2.4 The rural cultural landscape......Page 40
2.5 The contemporary Mediterranean......Page 43
2.6 Ecological landscape design and planning......Page 44
Part Two: From landscape research to ecological landscape planning......Page 48
Types of landscape research......Page 52
Dualities, separate approaches and common grounds......Page 53
Approach to landscape research methodology......Page 54
Developing the method......Page 55
The natural aspect......Page 56
The cultural aspect......Page 57
The analytical aspect......Page 58
The interventional aspect......Page 59
Other landscape themes......Page 60
Landscape, art and science......Page 62
Landscape aesthetics......Page 63
Landscape psychology......Page 65
The experience of landscape......Page 66
The feeling for landscape......Page 67
The interpretation of landscape......Page 68
Landscape values......Page 69
Landscape behaviour......Page 70
The issue of rural landscape history......Page 71
Trends in rural landscape history......Page 72
On landscape philosophy......Page 73
On landscape psychology......Page 74
On landscape history......Page 76
Landscape assessment......Page 78
Ecological relationships in landscape assessment......Page 79
Review of fundamental concepts......Page 80
Definition of fundamental terms......Page 81
5.3 The classificatory dimension......Page 82
5.4 The descriptive dimension......Page 83
5.5 The evaluative dimension......Page 84
Fundamentals......Page 85
Applications......Page 86
5.7 Conclusions......Page 87
Landscape planning and related concepts......Page 90
Linking landscape planning to landscape ecology and design......Page 91
6.2 The legislative dimension......Page 92
6.3 The strategic dimension......Page 93
6.4 The planning dimension......Page 94
Ecological landscape management......Page 96
The management plan......Page 97
Landscape planning and ecological networks......Page 98
Beyond landscape planning......Page 99
The wider landscape context......Page 100
North-west European procedure......Page 102
Germany......Page 103
The Netherlands......Page 105
Spain......Page 107
Italy......Page 108
On European procedure......Page 110
On north-west European procedure......Page 111
7.5 Conclusions......Page 112
The assumptions......Page 116
The method......Page 117
8.2 Preliminary to ecological landscape assessment......Page 120
The bias in ecological landscape assessment......Page 121
The method......Page 122
Reconnaissance survey......Page 123
Further steps in ecological landscape assessment......Page 124
8.4 Beyond the assessment......Page 125
The framework......Page 126
About the method......Page 128
Towards landscape dimensions......Page 129
Addressing ecological landscape assessment......Page 130
On landscape studies and concepts......Page 131
On ecologically sound landscape planning......Page 132
On sustainable landscape planning and strategy......Page 133
The natural environment......Page 136
The human environment......Page 137
Methodology......Page 139
Conclusions......Page 140
Classification of Sardinian landscapes......Page 141
Description of Sardinian landscapes......Page 142
Evaluation of Sardinian landscapes......Page 143
Analysis of Sardinian landscapes......Page 144
Environmental policy and planning procedures in Sardinia......Page 145
Landscape management in Sardinia......Page 146
Abiotic features......Page 148
Human features......Page 151
Ancient times......Page 152
The Middle Ages......Page 153
The House of Savoy......Page 154
The twentieth century......Page 155
Landscape classification......Page 157
Landscape history and landscape legislation......Page 160
Landscape evaluation......Page 161
Desk survey......Page 162
Field survey......Page 163
Computer collation......Page 164
Data analysis......Page 166
Landscape classification of the Rio S. Lucia lowland......Page 167
Landscape description and evaluation of the Rio S. Lucia lowland......Page 168
Final landscape analysis of the Rio S. Lucia catchment......Page 171
9.8 Planning rural landscape in the Rio S. Lucia......Page 172
Human impact on Sardinian rural landscapes......Page 173
Landscape planning attempts in Sardinia......Page 174
Pursuing sustainability in the future of Sardinian rural landscapes......Page 175
Part Three: The search for an ecological landscape design paradigm......Page 178
The meanings of nature......Page 182
The concept of environment......Page 183
The integrating role of ecology......Page 184
10.2 Ecology, nature conservation, protection and restoration......Page 185
Shifting ecological paradigms and their implication in nature conservation......Page 186
The World Conservation Strategy and the concept of protected landscape......Page 187
10.3 Ecology, environmental ethics and a new theosophy......Page 188
Deep ecology and the search for a new theosophy......Page 189
10.4 Sustainable development and landscape sustainability......Page 190
Investigating landscape sustainability......Page 191
10.5 Ecology, landscape and the discourse of nature and culture......Page 192
Ecology and the changing perception of nature......Page 193
Ecology and the nature/culture complex......Page 194
10.6 Approaching an ecological understanding of landscape......Page 195
The complexity and interrelatedness of ecosystems......Page 196
Biodiversity, landscape diversity and ecodiversity......Page 197
The necessity of a historical evolutionary approach......Page 198
10.7 Conclusions......Page 199
The scope of landscape architecture......Page 200
Landscape architecture and architecture......Page 201
11.2 Ecology and architecture......Page 202
Energy-effident and bioclimatic design and earth-sheltered architecture......Page 203
11.3 Ecology and landscape architecture......Page 204
lan McHarg: an ecological method in landscape architecture......Page 205
John Tillman Lyle: the design of human ecosystems......Page 206
11.4 Ecology and urban landscape design......Page 207
11.5 Landscape architecture in the arid and semi-arid Mediterranean......Page 208
11.6 Evaluating the contributions......Page 209
The failures of design in landscape architecture......Page 210
11.7 Establishing a foundation for ecological landscape design......Page 211
Creativity: exploring the inner world of intuition......Page 212
Establishing an ecological aesthetics......Page 213
11.8 Conclusions......Page 214
12.1 The need for a new paradigm......Page 218
12.2 The analysis/synthesis design method in architecture......Page 219
12.3 The repercussions in landscape architecture......Page 220
12.4 Ecological understanding as a foundation for landscape design......Page 221
Conceding to a probabilistic outlook......Page 222
Ecological understanding in landscape architecture......Page 223
Exploring the other dimensions of ecology......Page 224
12.5 Alternative values and objectives......Page 225
Maintaining landscape integrity......Page 226
Designing for sustainability......Page 227
12.6 The ecological landscape design paradigm......Page 228
Ecological landscape design......Page 229
Developing the conceptual framework......Page 231
The methodology of Ecological Landscape Associations......Page 233
12.8 Conclusions......Page 234
13.1 Methodological procedure for landscape investigation......Page 236
13.2 The Kyrenia Region in Cyprus......Page 237
North Cyprus and the Kyrenia Region study area......Page 239
Topography, geology and geomorphology......Page 242
Climate, soil and hydrology......Page 244
The composition and distribution of the forest and maquis......Page 245
Ecological Landscape Associations......Page 247
Survey location and method......Page 248
The findings of the Esentepe field survey......Page 249
13.6 Changing regional landscape: the Karakum field survey......Page 251
The findings of the Karakum field survey......Page 252
13.7 Biodiversity in the regional landscape......Page 254
Components of the natural and semi-natural landscape: forest and the maquis......Page 257
Components of the rural cultural landscape: olive and carob tree plantations......Page 258
The pattern of the rural cultural landscape......Page 259
14.1 Methodological procedure for ecological landscape design......Page 260
14.2 Landscape transformation in the Kyrenia Region......Page 261
14.3 Environmental and ecological consequences......Page 262
14.4 Environmental and planning legislation......Page 263
14.5 Environmental awareness and local initiatives......Page 264
14.6 Sustainable alternatives for landscape development......Page 265
14.7 The concept of ‘landscape recycling’......Page 267
The sustainable utilisation of landscape......Page 268
Developing the regional model......Page 269
Maquis/foothills......Page 270
Maquis/ravines......Page 271
Multi-use tree planting/foothill......Page 272
Evaluating the regional model......Page 273
Applying the regional model to the Esentepe area......Page 275
14.10 Ecological Landscape Associations: a framework for regional design......Page 276
The Mediterranean rural landscape and the concept of regionalism......Page 277
Tourist development in the Kyrenia Region......Page 280
The environmental impact of tourist development......Page 281
15.2 Alternatives for sustainable tourism......Page 282
15.3 The Dik Burun tourist project......Page 283
15.4 Investigating the Dik Burun landscape......Page 284
Maquis/ravine......Page 285
Maquis/coastal cliffs......Page 286
15.5 The concept of Ecological Vegetation Zoning......Page 287
15.7 The landscape masterplan for the Dik Burun project......Page 288
Landscape Character Zone: the plateau......Page 289
Landscape Character Zone: the ravine......Page 290
Ecological Vegetation Zone III: the gardenesque......Page 291
Technological Landscape Character: the peninsula......Page 292
Evaluating the Dik Burun masterplan......Page 293
Ecological appropriateness......Page 294
Aesthetic appropriateness: fractal geometry as a foundation for an ecological aesthetics......Page 296
Part Four: Conclusions......Page 300
16.1 Revisiting the Mediterranean landscape......Page 302
16.3 The ecological landscape design and planning alternative......Page 303
16.4 The search for regional identity......Page 304
16.5 Advancing ecological landscape research......Page 306
16.6 Advancing ecological design and planning education......Page 307
16.7 Towards sustainable landscape policy......Page 308
16.8 Towards sustainable landscape design and planning......Page 309
16.9 Towards sustainable landscape management......Page 310
16.10 Landscape awareness in the contemporary Mediterranean......Page 311
Environmental art, public participation and landscape......Page 312
16.11  Epilogue......Page 313
Bibliography......Page 316
Index......Page 340