Ecological Implications of Minilivestock: Potential of Insects, Rodents, Frogs and Sails

ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF MINILIVESTOCK— Potential of Insects, Rodents, Frogs and Snails......Page 2
Copyright\n......Page 3
Foreword......Page 4
Preface......Page 6
Acknowledgements......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
List of Contributors......Page 10
Abstract......Page 16
Adopting Small Animals as Food: The Minilivestock......Page 17
Local Knowledge: Important or Useless?......Page 21
Risks for Loss of Species......Page 22
Knowledge and Coevolution with Natural Resources......Page 23
Educational Programs......Page 24
Nutritional Arguments......Page 25
Risks and Limits......Page 29
References......Page 30
Introduction......Page 34
Biodiversity and Environment......Page 35
Constraints to Further Development......Page 36
Conclusion\n......Page 38
References......Page 39
Abstract......Page 40
Introduction......Page 41
Cane Rat or Grasscutter......Page 42
Technical Feasibility......Page 44
Economics......Page 45
Creation of a Demonstration Pilot Farm......Page 46
Recommendations for Initiating an Extension Program......Page 47
Environmental Impact......Page 48
Brush-tailed Porcupine (Atherurus africanus)......Page 49
Commercial Use of Porcupine Meat......Page 50
Technical Aspects of Porcupine Breeding......Page 51
Conclusion......Page 53
Cricetoma (Cricetomys spp.)......Page 54
General Considerations......Page 55
References......Page 57
Abstract......Page 62
Introduction......Page 63
Paca......Page 65
Agouti......Page 68
Amazonas Situation: Demographic Growth and Social Implications\n......Page 70
Ethnic Groups in the Project Area......Page 71
Methods of Investigation......Page 72
Rodent Minilivestock Production Project......Page 74
Animal Health Considerations......Page 75
Husbandry Methods......Page 76
Results......Page 78
Discussion......Page 80
Wildlife Management: A Step Toward Resource Security?......Page 83
References......Page 84
Introduction......Page 88
Frog Biology......Page 89
Capture of Wild Frogs and the World Market......Page 90
Frogs and the Environment......Page 92
Main Problems in Frog Breeding......Page 93
Food Consumption......Page 94
Possibility of Hind-Legs Quarter Utilization and Other Frog Products......Page 95
Frogs for Food Consumption in the EU and the USA......Page 96
Possibility of Increasing Frog Consumption in Europe......Page 97
Final Marketing Considerations......Page 99
Semiintensive Frog Breeding......Page 100
Frog Intensive Closed Cycle Breeding......Page 101
Frog Pathologies......Page 102
Genetic Factors......Page 103
Frog Frauds......Page 104
References......Page 105
Appendix 5.2......Page 107
Introduction......Page 108
Egg-laying and Hatching......Page 109
Growth......Page 110
Species Consumed......Page 112
Achatinids......Page 113
Helix species......Page 114
Snails in Human Nutrition......Page 117
Snail Market......Page 118
Pests and Diseases......Page 120
Characteristics and Utilization of Wild Populations......Page 121
Snail Farming......Page 123
Feeding Farmed Snails......Page 129
Yield......Page 130
Legislation......Page 132
Snail Farming in Practice: A Case Study......Page 133
Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 134
References......Page 135
Abstract......Page 138
Many, Taxonomically Diverse, Insect Species Used as Food......Page 139
Number of Insect Species Used as Food Greatly Underreported for Most Countries......Page 140
Desire of Local People to Protect Traditional Food Resources Favorable to Forest Management\n......Page 141
Opening National Parks and Other Wildlife Preserves to Controlled Sustainable Use by Local People can Reduce Poaching......Page 143
Reducing Pesticide Use by Harvesting Food Pest Species that are Traditional Foods......Page 144
Multiple-product Food Insect Systems can Increase Economic and Environmental Efficiency......Page 147
Reducing Organic Pollution by Recycling Agricultural and Forestry Wastes Directly into High-quality Food or Animal Feedstuffs......Page 148
Additional Factors and Considerations......Page 151
Need for Reeducation of the Western Public, Government Policy-Makers, and Agricultural Researchers about Insects as Food and Insects in General......Page 152
References......Page 153
Abstract......Page 156
Introduction......Page 157
Insects in the Diet of Chimpanzees......Page 159
Insects in the Diet of Traditional Populations......Page 160
Insects and Human Evolution......Page 161
Coprolites\n......Page 163
Traces of Wear and Organic Remains on Tools......Page 164
Bone Biochemistry......Page 165
Skeletal Pathologies......Page 166
Products of Bees......Page 167
Databanks of Invertebrate DNA......Page 169
References......Page 170
Abstract......Page 178
Introduction......Page 179
References......Page 189
Abstract......Page 190
Materials and Methods......Page 191
Diversity of Information......Page 193
Diversity of Edible Species......Page 194
Food of Edible Caterpillars......Page 196
Chemical Composition......Page 208
Introduction......Page 217
Termitophagy: Stages Consumed......Page 218
Diversity of Edible Species......Page 220
Introduction......Page 223
Diversity of Edible Species......Page 225
Chemical Composition......Page 226
Introduction......Page 229
Discussion......Page 230
References......Page 234
Abstract......Page 246
Introduction......Page 247
Materials and Methods......Page 251
Coleoptera......Page 252
Hymenoptera......Page 253
Diptera......Page 254
Homoptera......Page 255
Conclusions......Page 256
References......Page 257
Introduction......Page 260
Techniques of Gathering......Page 261
Insects as Animal Protein......Page 263
References......Page 264
Introduction......Page 266
Inago\n......Page 267
Zaza-mushi\n......Page 268
Hachinoko......Page 270
Kaiko......Page 272
Nutritional Evaluation of Traditional Insect Foods......Page 273
Refrrences......Page 276
Insects in the Human Diet: Tradition and Acculturation......Page 278
Entomophagy: An Ancestral Nutritional Habit......Page 279
Ways of Obtaining Food Resources......Page 280
Importance of Traditional Knowledge......Page 281
Biodiversity and Biogeography of Edible Insect Species......Page 282
Biomass of Edible Insect Species......Page 285
Insect Consumption Patterns......Page 286
Seasonal Capture......Page 287
Nutritive Value of Ed:ible Illsects......Page 288
Energy......Page 290
Minerals......Page 291
Vitamins......Page 292
Commercialization of Edible Insect Species......Page 293
Breeding Techniques......Page 294
Recycling and Animal Nutrition......Page 295
Conclusion......Page 298
References......Page 299
Abstract......Page 308
Introduction......Page 309
Materials and Methods......Page 310
Results......Page 311
Types of Invertebrates Utilized as Food......Page 312
Strategies Developed......Page 316
Acknowledgements......Page 322
References......Page 323
Introduction......Page 358
Coleoptera......Page 359
Hymenoptera......Page 363
Lepidoptera......Page 364
Conclusion......Page 366
References......Page 367
Abstract......Page 368
Introduction......Page 369
Nutritional Analysis of R. palmarum Larvae on Various Palm Substrata......Page 370
Palm-Worm Complex on Palms Studied......Page 371
Nutrient Composition of R. palmarum Larvae Reared on Moriche, Seje, and Cucurito, and Nutrient Composition of These Substrata......Page 373
Analysis of Weights of Larvae Collected after Four Weeks of Development, and Larval Density of R. palmarum for Each Type of Palm......Page 376
Roasted Larvae Panel Assessment with Venezuelan, Non-Amerindian Tourists......Page 377
Conclusions......Page 378
Acknowledgments......Page 379
References......Page 380
Introduction......Page 382
Sources of Information......Page 383
Identity of Invertebrates Eaten......Page 384
Isoptera (Termites)......Page 386
Hemiptera......Page 387
Orthoptera (Grasshoppers, Crickets, Locusts)......Page 388
Lepidoptera (Moths)......Page 389
\"Edible Grub\" Category......Page 391
Hymenoptera (Bees, Wasps and Ants)......Page 392
Other Insects......Page 394
Nutritional Value......Page 395
Aboriginal Culture and Insects......Page 396
Information Limitations......Page 397
Insect and Invertebrate Foods Today......Page 398
References......Page 399
Abstract......Page 404
Introduction......Page 405
Northeast India......Page 407
Papua New Guinea......Page 408
Australia......Page 413
New Zealand......Page 414
Discussion......Page 416
References......Page 425
Abstract......Page 430
Introduction......Page 431
Commonalities in the Laos PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam......Page 432
Aquatic Insects......Page 434
Tree/Shrub/Bush Insects......Page 437
Cooking Methods and Recipes......Page 438
Eating Patterns......Page 442
Recorded Health Attributed to Edible Insects......Page 445
Economic Value......Page 446
Edible Insect Markets......Page 449
Edible Insect Supplies......Page 450
References......Page 453
Abstract......Page 456
Introduction......Page 457
Lowland Plain Area......Page 459
Data Collection......Page 460
Results and Discussion......Page 461
Acknowledgments......Page 468
References......Page 469
Abstract......Page 474
Introduction......Page 475
Methodology......Page 476
Results......Page 477
Arthropods as Medicinal Preparations......Page 479
Importation Aspects in South Korea......Page 480
Folk Logic......Page 481
Biologically Active Chemistry......Page 482
Arthropod Drugs Go Global with Traditional Korean Medicine......Page 483
Acknowledgments......Page 484
References......Page 485
Introduction......Page 490
Insects as Food in Ancient China......Page 491
Polyrhachis vicina Rogen......Page 493
Insects as a Future Food Resource in China?......Page 494
References......Page 495
Introduction......Page 496
History of Medicinal Insects in China......Page 497
Methods of Using Insects in Chinese Medicine......Page 498
Current Situation of Medicinal Insect Research in China......Page 502
Future Prospects of Medicinal Insect Research......Page 503
References\n......Page 504
Introduction......Page 506
Comparison of Chemical Composition of E. foetida and Its Casts with Common Foods and Animal Feeds......Page 507
Comparison of Protein Content of Four Earthworm Species......Page 511
Contents of Free Amino Acids, Minerals, and Vitamins in Earthworm Body Fluids......Page 512
Actual Nutritional Value of Earthworm Protein......Page 513
Nutritional Evaluation of Earthworm Casts......Page 514
Safety of Earthworm Used as Protein Source......Page 515
References......Page 516
Abstract......Page 520
Processing of Medicinal Earthworms......Page 521
Pharmaceutical Composition of Earthworms......Page 522
Effects on Nervous System......Page 523
Effects of Earthworms on Respiratory System......Page 524
Sperm-killing Function of Earthworms......Page 525
Treatment of Tracheitis and Bronchial Asthma......Page 526
Treatment of Schizophrenia......Page 527
Treatment of Eczema, Urticaria, and Anaphylactic Diseases......Page 528
Treatment of Fractures......Page 529
Treatment of Acute Injury of Soft Tissues......Page 530
References......Page 531
Abstract......Page 534
Introduction......Page 535
Assessment of Feed Preferences......Page 537
Protein Content and Amino Acid Composition......Page 538
Trace Element and Mineral Analysis......Page 539
ECI Obtained with Human Refuse Diet......Page 540
Fatty Acid Content......Page 542
Mineral Content......Page 544
Chitin......Page 549
Fatty Acid Composition......Page 550
ECI Obtained Using the Human Refuse Diet......Page 551
Environmental Impacts and Diet Sustainability......Page 552
Hygienic Hazard and Potential Constraints......Page 554
Conclusion......Page 556
References......Page 557
Introduction......Page 560
Selection of Insect Species for Consumption......Page 561
Major Insects Consumed......Page 562
Crude Protein Content of Common Food Insects......Page 564
Essential Amino Acids......Page 570
Fiber Content......Page 575
Fat Content and Fatty Acid Composition......Page 577
Antinutritional Factors......Page 578
References......Page 589
The Concept of \"Food\"......Page 594
The Consumption of Rodent Meat......Page 597
Amphibians......Page 598
Sensory and Nutritional Features of Frog Meat......Page 600
Hygiene-Health Aspects in the Processing and Consumption of Frog Meat......Page 601
Terrestrial Gastropoda (Snails)......Page 603
Nutritional Features of Snails......Page 607
Edible Insects......Page 608
References......Page 612
Minilivestock and BEDIM Association......Page 614
Subject Index......Page 618
Species Index (Latin names:Genus - species)......Page 648
Colour Plates Section......Page 664
Plate I......Page 666
Plate II\n......Page 668
Plate III\n......Page 669
Plate IV......Page 670
Plate V......Page 671
Plate VI......Page 672
Plate VII......Page 673
Plate VIII......Page 675
Plate IX......Page 676
Plate X......Page 677