Ecological-Economic Modelling for Biodiversity Conservation

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part I Modelling
	1 What Is a Model?
	2 Purposes of Modelling
		2.1 Theory Development
		2.2 Generalisation
		2.3 Theory Testing
		2.4 Understanding
		2.5 Explanation
		2.6 Prediction
		2.7 Decision Support
		2.8 Communication
		2.9 Education
		2.10 Integration of Knowledge
		2.11 Mediation between Scales
		2.12 The Trade-Off between Generality and Specificity
		2.13 Positive versus Normative Analysis
	3 Typical Model Features
		3.1 Spatial Structure
		3.2 Dynamics
		3.3 Stochasticity
		3.4 Individual Variability
		3.5 Feedback Loops
Part II Ecological Modelling
	4 Homogenous Deterministic Population Models
		4.1 Unlimited Population Growth
		4.2 Limited Population Growth
		4.3 Chaos and Scramble Competition
	5 Homogenous Stochastic Population Models
		5.1 Stochasticity in Population Dynamics
		5.2 Probability Distributions and Random Numbers
		5.3 Simulating Stochastic Population Dynamics and Population Viability Analysis
		5.4 Stochastic Processes and Extinction Risk
		5.5 The Risk Model of the IUCN
	6 Spatial Population Models
		6.1 Patch-Based Models: The Metapopulation Concept
		6.2 Grid-Based Models
	7 Models with Individual Variability
		7.1 Equation-Based Models
		7.2 Individual-Based Models
	8 Models of Biodiversity
		8.1 Niche Separation and Resource Partitioning
		8.2 Spatial Structure and Stochastic Disturbance
		8.3 Endogenous Disturbances
		8.4 Trade-Offs between Species Traits
		8.5 Neutral Theory
		8.6 Neutral Theory with Trade-Offs
		8.7 Combined Effect of Trade-Offs and Disturbance
		8.8 Conclusions
Part III Economic Modelling
	9 Instruments for Biodiversity Conservation
		9.1 Market Failure and the Social Dilemma of Environmental Protection
		9.2 Instruments for Biodiversity Conservation: Regulation
		9.3 Instruments for Biodiversity Conservation: Conservation Payments
		9.4 Instruments for Biodiversity Conservation: Offsets
		9.5 Conclusions
10 Game Theory
	10.1 Public Good Problems, External Effects and the Prisoner’s Dilemma
	10.2 A Few Bites of Game Theory
	10.3 Dynamic Games and Evolutionary Game Theory
11 Incentive Design
	11.1 The Principal–Agent Problem
	11.2 Payments under Asymmetric Information: Adverse Selection and Moral Hazard
	11.3 Cost-Effectiveness versus Budget-Effectiveness
	11.4 Auctions as an Alternative to Address Adverse Selection
	11.5 Payments for Heterogeneity
	11.6 The Agglomeration Bonus
12 Modelling Human Decisions
	12.1 Utility Functions
	12.2 Risk-Utility Functions: Modelling Decisions under Risk
	12.3 Fairness and Inequity Aversion
	12.4 Imperfect Information
	12.5 Bounded Rationality
	12.6 Heuristics
	12.7 Modelling Change in Behaviour and Decisions
	12.8 Conclusions
13 The Agglomeration Bonus
	13.1 The Economics of Habitat Fragmentation and the Agglomeration Bonus
	13.2 The Agglomeration Bonus in Conservation Auctions and Conservation Offsets
	13.3 The Agglomeration Payment
	13.4 Side Payments as Means to Improve Compliance
	13.5 Variants of the Agglomeration Bonus
	13.6 Experiments
	13.7 Conclusions
Part IV Ecological-Economic Modelling
	14 Foundations of Ecological-Economic Modelling
		14.1 The History of Environmental and Ecological-Economic Thought in a Nutshell
		14.2 Environmental Economics in a Nutshell
		14.3 Ecological Economics in a Nutshell
		14.4 Implications for Ecological-Economic Modelling
	15 Benefits and Challenges of Ecological-Economic Modelling
		15.1 Why Is Ecological-Economic Modelling Useful?
		15.2 Challenges: Differing Modelling Approaches
		15.3 Concepts That Facilitate Integration
	16 Integration of Ecological and Economic Models
		16.1 A Classification of Integration in Ecological-Economic Models
		16.2 Economy Affects Ecology
		16.3 Models with Bidirectional Influence
		16.4 Social Efficiency of Biodiversity Conservation via Indifference Curves
		16.5 Social Efficiency of Biodiversity Conservation via Demand Functions
		16.6 Equivalence of Indifference Curves and Demand Functions and Conclusions for Environmental Valuation
		16.7 Natural Capital, the Economics of Biodiversity and Conclusions
17 Examples of Ecological-Economic Modelling
	17.1 Superposing Ecological and Economic Solutions and the Added Value of Integration
	17.2 Feedback Loops in Output-Based Payments
	17.3 Analysis of the Feedback Loop in the Output-Based Payment
	17.4 The Stochasticity in the Ecological-Economic Dynamics
	17.5 Conclusions
18 Outlook
	18.1 Multiple Interacting Species
	18.2 Multiple Ecosystem Services
	18.3 Feedback into the Policy Level
	18.4 Managing Dynamic Complexity
	18.5 Making Models Relevant for Policymakers
	18.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Index