Eating Behaviour

Half title page......Page 2
Title page......Page 4
Copyright page......Page 5
Dedication page......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
List of figures and tables......Page 12
Acknowledgements......Page 14
1 Introduction: widely held assumptions and methods......Page 16
Widely held assumptions about food and eating......Page 17
Scientific methods of eating behaviour research......Page 20
Qualitative approaches and case studies......Page 21
Psychometrics......Page 22
Visual analogue scales and Likert scales......Page 24
Food diaries......Page 26
Feeding participants......Page 27
Within-meal measurements......Page 29
The scope of this book......Page 31
Introduction to appetite regulation......Page 33
Historical development......Page 34
The satiety cascade......Page 36
Hypothalamic control of eating......Page 37
Brainstem and cortical control of eating......Page 43
Liking......Page 45
Wanting......Page 47
Sensory-specific satiety: how ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’ stop us eating......Page 49
Summary......Page 51
3 Storage and digestion: peripheral mechanisms of eating......Page 52
Intestinal phase: duodenum......Page 55
Intestinal phase: ileum......Page 56
The effect of macronutrients on peripheral hormones......Page 57
Responding to fat (lipids)......Page 58
Tonic signals: adipose tissue......Page 59
Summary......Page 60
Children and the development of eating behaviour......Page 61
Cognitive development......Page 62
0–2 years and the importance of exposure......Page 63
Associative learning theory......Page 64
Social learning theory, scaffolding and the influence of significant others......Page 68
2–6 years and the development of food neophobia......Page 69
Category representations of food......Page 71
6–12 years and ‘picky/fussy’ eaters......Page 73
12–16 years and the development of food-related cognitions......Page 74
Summary......Page 76
Differentiating foods based on energy value......Page 78
The model of matching......Page 80
Optimal foraging theory......Page 83
Expectancy–value models......Page 85
Food choice and ideology......Page 87
Food choice and the context of the eating episode......Page 89
Portion size......Page 91
Summary......Page 93
Eating within a wider social context......Page 94
Social approaches to food intake......Page 95
Extending food choice into the social world: attitudes, norms and control......Page 96
Social situational factors: the effect of others when eating......Page 102
Social facilitation......Page 103
Modelling......Page 104
Impression management and social judgement......Page 105
Media influences......Page 107
Body image......Page 109
Cultural/religious impacts on eating behaviour......Page 112
Summary......Page 113
7 Getting inside people’s heads: restraint, emotional eating, disinhibition and their combined effects......Page 114
Dietary restraint......Page 115
Emotional eaters......Page 119
Disinhibition......Page 120
External eaters......Page 121
Escape from self-awareness theory......Page 123
Limited capacity theory......Page 124
Summary......Page 125
8 Dealing with obesity: dieting and drugs......Page 127
Defining obesity......Page 128
Causes of obesity......Page 130
Consequences of obesity......Page 134
Treatments for obesity......Page 137
Pharmacological treatments for obesity......Page 138
Surgical treatments for obesity......Page 139
Nutritional treatments for obesity – dieting......Page 141
Physical activity interventions for obesity......Page 143
Psychological treatments for obesity......Page 144
Preventing obesity......Page 147
Summary......Page 148
What constitutes an eating disorder?......Page 151
How common are eating disorders?......Page 152
The causes of eating disorders......Page 156
Organic causes of eating disorders......Page 157
Non-organic causes of eating disorders......Page 160
Are all eating disorders similar?......Page 167
Restrictive type and binge/purging type......Page 171
Anorexia athletica......Page 172
Child-onset and adult-onset anorexia......Page 173
Night-eating syndrome......Page 174
Interpersonal psychotherapy......Page 175
Cognitive behavioural therapy......Page 176
Family therapy......Page 178
Full-time inpatient clinics......Page 179
Summary......Page 181
What we have covered in this book......Page 182
Towards a combined model of eating behaviour......Page 185
Conclusions......Page 187
Appendix 1 The neurochemistry of appetite regulation......Page 189
Appendix 2 Hormonal control of appetite regulation......Page 195
Further reading......Page 200
References......Page 203
Index......Page 237