Earthquake-resistant design of structures

Content: Machine generated contents note: 1.Earthquakes and Ground Motion --
1.1.The Interior of the Earth --
1.2.Causes of Earthquakes --
1.2.1.The Indian Plate and Himalayan Earthquakes --
1.2.2.Elastic Rebound Theory --
1.2.3.Plate Tectonic Theory --
1.2.4.Causes of Volcanic Earthquakes --
1.3.Nature and Occurrence of Earthquakes --
1.4.Seismic Waves --
1.5.Graphical Method of Locating Earthquakes --
1.6.Effects of Earthquakes --
1.7.Consequences of Earthquake Damage --
1.8.Measurements of Earthquakes --
1.8.1.Intensity --
1.8.2.Magnitude --
1.8.3.Moment Magnitude --
1.8.4.Magnitude and Intensity in Seismic Regions --
1.8.5.Seismographs --
1.9.Strong Ground Motion --
1.10.Local Site Effects --
1.10.1.Topographic Effects --
1.10.2.Basin Effects --
1.10.1.Lateral Discontinuity Effects --
1.11.Classification of Earthquakes --
1.12.Seismic Zoning --
1.13.Response of Structure to Earthquake Motion --
1.14.Seismic Design --
2.Dynamics of Structures and Seismic Response --
2.1.Modelling of Structures --
2.1.1.Lumped Mass Approach --
2.1.2.Generalized Displacement Procedure --
2.1.3.Finite Element Procedure --
2.2.Equations of Motion --
2.2.1.Direct Equilibration Using d'Alembert's Principle --
2.2.2.Principle of Virtual Displacements --
2.2.3.Energy Method --
Hamilton's Principle --
2.3.Systems with Single Degree of Freedom --
2.4.Dynamic Response of Single-storey Structure --
2.4.1.Free Vibration Response --
2.4.2.Forced Vibration Response --
2.5.Seismic Response of SDOF Structures --
2.5.1.Elastic Seismic Response --
2.5.2.Inelastic Seismic Response --
2.6.Response Spectrum --
2.6.1.Elastic Systems --
2.6.2.Inelastic Systems --
2.7.Design Spectrum --
2.7.1.Elastic Systems --
2.7.2.Inelastic Systems --
2.8.Systems with Multiple Degrees of Freedom --
2.8.1.Equations of Motion --
2.9.Periods and Modes of Vibration of MDOF Systems --
2.10.Elastic Response of MDOF Systems --
2.11.Inelastic Response of MDOF Systems --
2.12.Restoring Force --
2.13.Damping --
2.14.Damping Values for Buildings --
2.15.Uncertainties of Dynamic Analysis --
3.Dynamics of Soils and Seismic Response --
3.1.Stress Conditions of Soil Element --
3.2.Dynamic Behaviour of Soil --
3.2.1.Settlement of Dry Sands --
3.2.2.Liquefaction of Saturated Cohesionless Soils --
3.3.Dynamic Design Parameters of Soils --
3.3.1.Shear Modulus --
3.3.2.Damping --
3.4.Soil-Structure Interaction --
3.5.Dynamic Analysis of Soil --
Structure Systems --
3.5.1.Soil Models --
3.5.2.Methods of Analysis --
3.6.Seismic Considerations for Foundations --
3.6.1.Shallow Foundations (Spread Footing) --
3.6.2.Deep Foundations (Pile Foundation) --
3.7.Test of Soil Characteristics --
3.7.1.Field Tests --
3.7.2.Laboratory Tests --
4.Conceptual Design --
4.1.Continuous Load Path --
4.2.Overall Form --
4.3.Simplicity, Unformity, and Symmetry --
4.4.Elongated Shapes --
4.5.Stiffness and Strength --
4.6.Horizontal and Vertical Members --
4.7.Twisting of Buildings --
4.8.Ductility --
4.9.Flexible Building --
4.10.Functional Planning --
4.11.Framing Systems --
4.12.Effect of Non-structural Elements --
4.13.Choice of Construction Materials --
5.Code-based Analysis Method and Design Approaches --
5.1.Seismic Design Requirements --
5.2.Design Earthquake Loads --
5.2.1.Design Horizontal Earthquake Load --
5.2.2.Design Vertical Earthquake Load --
5.2.3.Combination for Two-or Three-component Motion --
5.2.4.Basic Load Combinations --
5.3.Permissible Stresses --
5.4.Seismic Methods of Analysis --
5.4.1.Basic Assumptions --
5.4.2.Methods of Elastic Analysis --
5.4.3.Limitations of Equivalent Lateral Force and Response Spectrum Analysis Procedures --
5.4.4.Equivalent Lateral Force vs Response Spectrum Analysis Procedures --
5.5.Factors in Seismic Analysis --
5.5.1.Zone Factor [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 6.4] --
5.5.2.Importance Factor [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.2] --
5.5.3.Response Reduction Factor [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 6.4] --
5.5.4.Fundamental Natural Period --
5.5.5.Design Response Spectrum [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 6.4.5] --
5.6.Seismic Base Shear --
5.7.Seismic Weight [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.4] --
5.8.Distribution of Design Force [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.7] --
5.8.1.Equivalent Lateral Force Method --
5.8.2.Response Spectrum Method --
5.9.Time-history Method --
5.10.Torsion [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.9] --
5.11.Soft and Weak Storeys in Construction [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.10] --
5.12.Overturning Moment --
5.13.Other Structural Requirements --
5.13.1.Storey Drift [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.11.1] --
5.13.2.Deformation Compatibility of Non-seismic Members (IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.11.2) --
5.13.3.Separation between Adjacent Units [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.11.3] --
5.13.4.Foundations [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.12.1] --
5.13.5.Cantilever Projections [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.12.2] --
5.13.6.Compound Walls [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.12.3] --
5.13.7.Connections between Parts [IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Clause 7.12.4] --
5.14.Earthquake-resistant Design Methods --
5.15.Seismic Response Control --
5.16.Seismic Response Control Systems --
5.17.Passive Seismic Control System --
5.17.1.Base Isolation and Isolating Devices --
5.17.2.Energy Dissipation and Dissipating Devices --
Dampers --
5.17.3.Dynamic Oscillators --
5.18.Active Seismic Control System --
5.19.Hybrid Seismic Control Systems --
5.20.Semi-active Control Systems --
6.Masonry Buildings --
6.1.Categories of Masonry Buildings --
6.2.Behaviour of Unreinforced Masonry Walls --
6.3.Behaviour of Reinforced Masonry Walls --
6.4.Behaviour of Walls --
Box Action and Bands --
6.5.Behaviour of Infill Walls --
6.6.Confined Masonry Construction --
6.7.Improving Seismic Behaviour of Masonry Buildings --
6.8.Load Combinations and Permissible Stresses --
6.9.Seismic Design Requirements --
6.10.Seismic Design of Masonry Buildings --
6.11.Restoration and Strengthening of Masonry Walls --
6.11.1.Grouting --
6.11.2.Guniting --
6.11.3.Prestressing --
6.11.4.External Binding --
6.11.5.Inserting New Wall --
7.Timber Buildings --
7.1.Structural Form --
7.2.Connections --
7.2.1.Nailed Joints --
7.2.2.Bolted Joints --
7.2.3.Connector Joints --
7.2.4.Finger Joints --
7.3.Lateral Load Transfer in Timber Buildings --
7.4.Floors and Roofs --
7.5.Timber Shear Panel Construction --
7.6.Stud-wall Construction --
7.7.Brick-nogged Timber Frame Construction --
7.8.Substructure --
7.9.Site Response --
7.10.Ductile Behaviour of Joints --
7.11.Fire Resistance --
7.12.Decay --
7.13.Permissible Stresses --
7.14.Restoration and Strengthening --
7.14.1.Strengthening of Slabs --
8.Reinforced Concrete Buildings --
8.1.Damage to RC Buildings --
8.2.Principles of Earthquake-resistant Design of RC Members --
8.2.1.Ductile Failure --
8.3.Interaction between Concrete and Steel --
8.4.Concrete Detailing --
General Requirements --
8.5.Flexural Members in Frames --
8.5.1.Dimensions --
8.5.2.Longitudinal Reinforcement --
8.5.3.Lap Splices --
8.5.4.Web Reinforcement --
8.6.Columns and Frame Members Subjected to Bending and Axial Load --
8.6.1.Dimensions --
8.6.2.Longitudinal Reinforcement --
8.6.3.Transverse Reinforcement --
8.7.Special Confining Reinforcement --
8.8.Joints of Frames --
8.9.Slabs --
8.9.1.Diaphragm Action --
8.9.2.Ductile Detailing --
8.10.Staircases --
8.11.Upstands and Parapets --
8.12.Shear Walls --
8.13.Behaviour of Shear Walls --
8.14.Tall Shear Walls --
8.14.1.Flexural Strength --
8.14.2.Shear Strength --
8.14.3.Construction Joints --
8.15.Squat Shear Walls --
8.16.Design of Shear Walls --
8.17.Restoration and Strengthening --
8.17.1.Restoration --
8.17.2.Strengthening --
8.18.Prestressed Concrete Construction --
8.18.1.Specifications --
8.18.2.Characteristics --
8.19.Precast Concrete Construction --
9.Steel Buildings --
9.1.Seismic Behaviour of Structural Steel --
9.2.Materials and Workmanship --
9.3.Steel Frames --
9.3.1.Behaviour of Unbraced Frames --
9.3.2.Behaviour of Braced Frames --
9.4.Flexural Members --
9.4.1.Behaviour under Cyclic Loading --
9.5.Frame Members Subjected to Axial Compression and Bending --
9.5.1.Moment --
Curvature Relationship for Columns --
9.5.2.Behaviour of Columns under Cyclic Loading --
9.6.Connection Design and Joint Behaviour --
9.6.1.Detailing of Steel Connections --
9.6.2.Behaviour of Connections under Cyclic Loading --
9.7.Steel Panel Zones --
9.7.1.Deformation Behaviour of Panel Zone --
9.7.2.Detailing Panel Zone for Seismic Resistance --
9.7.3.Stiffeners in Panel Zone --
9.8.Bracing Members --
9.8.1.Behaviour of Bracing under Cyclic Loading --
9.9.Loads and Load Combinations --
9.10.Ductile Design of Frame Members --
9.11.Retrofitting and Strengthening of Structural Steel Frames --
9.11.1.Retrofitting --
9.11.2.Strengthening --
10.Non-structural Elements --
10.1.Failure Mechanisms of Non-structures --
10.2.Effect of Non-structural Elements on Structural System --
10.3.Analysis of Non-structural Elements --
10.3.1.Dynamic Analysis --
10.3.2.Equivalent Static Analysis --
10.4.Prevention of Non-structural Damage --
10.4.1.Architectural Components --
10.4.2.Mechanical and Electrical Components --
10.5.Isolation of Non-structures --
10.5.1.Architectural Components --
10.5.2.Mechanical Components --
11.Bhuj Earthquake 2001: A Case Study --
11.1.Earthquake Parameters and Effects --
11.1.1.Geological Effects --
11.1.2.Geotechnical Effects --
11.2.Buildings --
11.2.1.Masonry Buildings --
11.2.2.Reinforced Concrete Buildings --
11.2.3.Precast Buildings --
Appendices --
I.Seismic Zones in India --
II.Some Significant Earthquakes in India --
III.Zone Factor for Some Important Towns in India --
IV.Definitions of Irregular Buildings --
Plan Irregularities --
V.Definitions of Irregular Buildings --
Vertical Irregularities --
VI.Determination of Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes --
VII.Horizontal Seismic Coefficient ( (Sa (B0) --
VIII.Importance Factor (I) --
IX.Soil-foundation Factor ( (Sb (B) --
X.Second-order Effects (P- (SE (B Effects) --