Earth's Magnetosphere: Formed by the Low-Latitude Boundary Layer

Front Cover......Page 1
Earth\'s Magnetosphere: Formed by the Low-Latitude Boundary Layer......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Acknowledgements......Page 18
1.1 Early history......Page 20
1.2 International Geophysical Year (IGY)......Page 22
1.3 International Magnetospheric Study......Page 23
1.4 Electric and magnetic fields in space......Page 26
1.5 Reference frames and frozen fields......Page 35
1.6 Coronal expansion......Page 36
1.7 Solar wind......Page 38
1.8 Magnetosheath......Page 44
1.9 Magnetopause......Page 47
1.10 Cause and effect at the magnetopause......Page 49
1.11 Low-Latitude Boundary Layer......Page 59
1.12 Discovery of the radiation belt......Page 61
1.13 The ionosphere......Page 63
1.14 High frequency wave propagation......Page 67
1.15 Polar cap during southward Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF)......Page 74
1.16 The aurora and substorms......Page 80
1.17 Discussion......Page 88
2.1 Need for approximate methods......Page 94
2.2 Circuit analysis......Page 95
2.3 Basic magnetohydrodynamic equations......Page 118
2.4 Example of MHD for magnetospheric research......Page 122
2.5 Discussion......Page 128
2.6 Summary......Page 129
3.1 Introduction......Page 130
3.2 Helmholtz’s theorem......Page 133
3.3 Maxwell’s equations......Page 135
3.4 Gauss’s law......Page 137
3.5 Gauge conditions......Page 138
3.6 Electrodynamics......Page 141
3.7 Sporadic magnetopause beams......Page 147
3.8 Particle simulation in 1-D......Page 149
3.9 Exceptional electron beam observation......Page 156
3.10 Other observations of energisation......Page 161
3.11 Discussion......Page 162
3.12 Summary......Page 164
4.1 Introduction......Page 170
4.2 The electric displacement: D field......Page 171
4.3 The magnetic field H......Page 173
4.4 Poynting’s theorem......Page 174
4.5 Discussion......Page 179
4.7 Three systems......Page 185
4.8 Scientific paradigms......Page 187
4.9 Summary......Page 188
5.1 Introduction......Page 190
5.2 Solar wind – magnetopause interaction......Page 191
5.3 ISEE observations......Page 200
5.4 Profile of magnetopause electron temperature......Page 202
5.5 Impulsive penetration......Page 206
5.6 Flux transfer event......Page 212
5.7 Cluster observations of plasma transfer......Page 215
5.8 Plasma transfer event......Page 219
5.9 Skimming orbit of GEOTAIL......Page 224
5.10 Electric field at high sampling rates......Page 229
5.11 Discussion......Page 232
5.12 Summary......Page 242
6.1 Introduction......Page 244
6.2 The magnetosheath......Page 245
6.3 The cusp throat......Page 248
6.4 Transfer events......Page 252
6.5 Cusp energetic particles......Page 256
6.6 Exterior cusp......Page 262
6.7 Discussion......Page 269
6.8 Summary......Page 270
7.1 Introduction......Page 272
7.2 Comprehensive investigation of low-latitude boundary layer......Page 276
7.3 Studies with better resolution......Page 284
7.4 Plasma transfer event......Page 288
7.5 Identification of cusp and cleft/low-latitude boundary layer......Page 289
7.6 Qualitative description of low-latitude boundary layer......Page 290
7.7 Topology of the magnetosphere......Page 293
7.8 ISEE observations......Page 295
7.9 Transient penetration......Page 302
7.10 Massive flow in the boundary layer......Page 305
7.11 Other observations of the low-latitude boundary layer......Page 308
7.12 Polar cap during southward interplanetary magnetic field......Page 309
7.13 Study with southward interplanetary magnetic field......Page 310
7.14 Polar cap during northward interplanetary magnetic field......Page 314
7.15 Penetration of interplanetary electric field into magnetosphere......Page 321
7.16 A study with northward interplanetary magnetic field......Page 325
7.17 Discussion......Page 333
7.18 Summary......Page 340
8.1 Introduction......Page 344
8.3 Plasma sheet from low altitude observations......Page 345
8.4 Plasma sheet observations......Page 348
8.5 Particle dynamics......Page 356
8.6 Auroral current circuit......Page 364
8.7 Key results from SuperDARN, CANOPUS......Page 375
8.8 Large scale flow dynamics......Page 382
8.9 Discussions......Page 388
8.10 Summary......Page 392
9.1 Introduction......Page 396
9.2 Statistical description of the substorm......Page 399
9.3 Two models as apparent alternatives......Page 409
9.4 Substorm disturbance onsets......Page 411
9.5 Substorm transfer event......Page 413
9.6 Ion dynamics......Page 416
9.7 Westward travelling surge......Page 421
9.8 Bursty bulk flows......Page 427
9.9 Observations of particle acceleration......Page 437
9.10 Acceleration of cold plasma......Page 441
9.11 Discussion......Page 448
9.12 Summary......Page 450
10.1 Introduction......Page 454
10.2 Main arguments in this book......Page 457
10.3 Substorm transfer event......Page 462
10.4 Four fundamental processes reexamined......Page 463
10.5 Final summary......Page 464
References......Page 466
Index......Page 492
Color Plates......Page 498